Center for Quantum Devices - Most Downloaded Journal Articles

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20.	High performance quantum dot-quantum well infrared focal plane arrays S. Tsao, A. Myzaferi, and M. Razeghi SPIE Proceedings, San Francisco, CA (January 22-28, 2010), Vol. 7605, p. 76050J-1-- January 27, 2010 ...[Visit Journal] Quantum dot (QD) devices are a promising technology for high operating temperature detectors. We have studied InAs QDs embedded in an InGaAs/InAlAs quantum well structure on InP substrate for middle wavelength infrared detectors and focal plane arrays (FPAs). This combined dot-well structure has weak dot confinement of carriers, and as a result, the device behavior differs significantly from that in more common dot systems with stronger confinement. We report on our studies of the energy levels in the QDWIP devices and on QD-based detectors operating at high temperature with D* over 10¹⁰ cm·Hz^½/W at 150 K operating temperature and high quantum efficiency over 50%. FPAs have been demonstrated operating at up to 200 K. We also studied two methods of adapting the QDWIP device to better accommodate FPA readout circuit limitations. [reprint (PDF)]
20.	Recent advances in high performance antimonide-based superlattice FPAs E.K. Huang, B.M. Nguyen, S.R. Darvish, S. Abdollahi Pour, G. Chen, A. Haddadi, and M.A. Hoang SPIE Proceedings, Infrared technology and Applications XXXVII, Orlando, FL, Vol. 8012, p. 80120T-1-- April 25, 2011 ...[Visit Journal] Infrared detection technologies entering the third generation demand performances for higher detectivity, higher operating temperature, higher resolution and multi-color detection, all accomplished with better yield and lower manufacturing/operating costs. Type-II antimonide based superlattices (T2SL) are making firm steps toward the new era of focal plane array imaging as witnessed in the unique advantages and significant progress achieved in recent years. In this talk, we will present the four research themes towards third generation imagers based on T2SL at the Center for Quantum Devices. High performance LWIR megapixel focal plane arrays (FPAs) are demonstrated at 80K with an NEDT of 23.6 mK using f/2 optics, an integration time of 0.13 ms and a 300 K background. MWIR and LWIR FPAs on non-native GaAs substrates are demonstrated as a proof of concept for the cost reduction and mass production of this technology. In the MWIR regime, progress has been made to elevate the operating temperature of the device, in order to avoid the burden of liquid nitrogen cooling. We have demonstrated a quantum efficiency above 50%, and a specific detectivity of 1.05x10¹² cm·Hz^1/2/W at 150 K for 4.2 μm cut-off single element devices. Progress on LWIR/LWIR dual color FPAs as well as novel approaches for FPA fabrication will also be discussed. [reprint (PDF)]
20.	Crack-free AlGaN for solar-blind focal plane arrays through reduced area expitaxy E. Cicek, R. McClintock, Z. Vashaei, Y. Zhang, S. Gautier, C.Y. Cho and M. Razeghi Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 102, No. 05, p. 051102-1-- February 4, 2013 ...[Visit Journal] We report on crack reduction for solar-blind ultraviolet detectors via the use of a reduced area epitaxy (RAE) method to regrow on patterned AlN templates. With the RAE method, a pre-deposited AlN template is patterned into isolated mesas in order to reduce the formation of cracks in the subsequently grown high Al-content Al_xGa_1−xN structure. By restricting the lateral dimensions of the epitaxial growth area, the biaxial strain is relaxed by the edges of the patterned squares, which resulted in ∼97% of the pixels being crack-free. After successful implementation of RAE method, we studied the optical characteristics, the external quantum efficiency, and responsivity of average pixel-sized detectors of the patterned sample increased from 38% and 86.2 mA/W to 57% and 129.4 mA/W, respectively, as the reverse bias is increased from 0 V to 5 V. Finally, we discussed the possibility of extending this approach for focal plane array, where crack-free large area material is necessary for high quality imaging. [reprint (PDF)]
20.	Development of material quality and structural design for high performance type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes and focal plane arrays M. Razeghi, B.M. Nguyen, D. Hoffman, P.Y. Delaunay, E.K. Huang, M.Z. Tidrow and V. Nathan SPIE Porceedings, Vol. 7082, San Diego, CA 2008, p. 708204-- August 11, 2008 ...[Visit Journal] Recent progress made in the structure design, growth and processing of Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photo-detectors lifted both the quantum efficiency and the R0A product of the detectors. Type-II superlattice demonstrated its ability to perform imaging in the Mid-Wave Infrared (MWIR)and Long-Wave Infrared (LWIR) ranges, becoming a potential competitor for technologies such as Quantum Well Infrared Photo-detectors (QWIP) and Mercury Cadmium Telluride (MCT). Using an empirical tight-binding model, we developed superlattices designs that were nearly lattice-matched to the GaSb substrates and presented cutoff wavelengths of 5 and 11 μm. We demonstrated high quality material growth with X-ray FWHM below 30 arcsec and an AFM rms roughness of 1.5 Å over an area of 20x20 μm2. The detectors with a 5 μm cutoff, capable of operating at room temperature, showed a R0A of 1.25 106 Ω.cm2 at 77K, and a quantum efficiency of 32%. In the long wavelength infrared, we demonstrated high quantum efficiencies above 50% with high R0A products of 12 Ω.cm2 by increasing the thickness of the active region. Using the novel M-structure superlattice design, more than one order of magnitude improvement has been observed for electrical performance of the devices. Focal plane arrays in the middle and long infrared range, hybridized to an Indigo read out integrated circuit, exhibited high quality imaging. [reprint (PDF)]
20.	Research activity on Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice for LWIR detection and imaging at the Center for Quantum Devices M. Razeghi and B.M. Nguyen American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings Vol. 949, Issue 1, p. 35-42, 6th International Workshop on Information Optics (WIO'07), Reykjavik, Iceland, June 25-30, 2007-- October 24, 2007 ...[Visit Journal] Type-II superlattice photodetectors have recently experienced significant improvements in both theoretical structure design and experimental realization. Empirical Tight Binding Method was initiated and developed for Type-II superlattice. A new Type-II structure, called M-structure, was introduced and theoretically demonstrated high R₀A, high quantum efficiency. Device design and growth condition were optimized to improve the performance. As a result, a 54% quantum efficiency, a 12 Ω·cm² R₀A were achieved for 11 µm cut-off photodetector at 77 K. Effective surface passivation techniques for MWIR and LWIR Type-II superlattice were developed. FPA imaging at MWIR and LWIR were demonstrated with a capability of imaging up to room temperature and 211 K respectively. The noise equivalent temperature difference presented a peak at 50 mK for MWIR FPA at 121 K and 26 mK for LWIR FPA at 81 K. [reprint (PDF)]
20.	Ultra-broadband quantum cascade laser, tunable over 760 cm−1, with balanced gain N. Bandyopadhyay, M. Chen, S. Sengupta, S. Slivken, and M. Razeghi Opt. Express 23, 21159-21164 -- August 10, 2015 ...[Visit Journal] A heterogeneous quantum cascade laser, consisting of multiple stacks of discrete wavelength quantum cascade stages, emitting in 5.9-10.9 µm, wavelength range is reported. The broadband characteristics are demonstrated with a distributed-feedback laser array, emitting at fixed frequencies at room temperature, covering an emission range of ~760 cm⁻¹, which is ~59% relative to the center frequency. By appropriate choice of a strained AlInAs/GaInAs material system, quantum cascade stage design and spatial arrangement of stages, the distributed-feedback array has been engineered to exhibit a flat threshold current density across the demonstrated range. [reprint (PDF)]
20.	Al_xGa_1-xN Materials and Device Technology for Solar Blind Ultraviolet Photodetector Applications R. McClintock, P. Sandvik, K. Mi, F. Shahedipour, A. Yasan, C. Jelen, P. Kung, and M. Razeghi SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA, Vol. 4288, pp. 219-- January 22, 2001 ...[Visit Journal] There has been a growing interest for the development of solar blind ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors for use in a variety of applications, including early missile threat warning, flame monitoring, UV radiation monitoring and chemical/biological reagent detection. The Al_xGa_1-xN material system has emerged as the most promising approach for such devices. However, the control of the material quality and the device technology are still rather immature. We report here the metalorganic chemical vapor deposition, the n-type and the p-type doping of high quality Al_xGa_1-xN thin films on sapphire substrates over a wide range of Al concentration. [reprint (PDF)]
20.	The effect of doping the M-barrier in very long-wave type-II InAs/GaSb heterodiodes D. Hoffman, B.M. Nguyen, E.K. Huang, P.Y. Delaunay, M. Razeghi, M.Z. Tidrow and J. Pellegrino Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 93, No. 3, p. 031107-1-- July 21, 2008 ...[Visit Journal] A variation on the standard homo-diode Type-II superlattice with an M-barrier between the pi-region and the n-region is shown to suppress the dark currents. By determining the optimal doping level of the M-superlattice, dark current densities of 4.95 mA·cm^-2 and quantum efficiencies in excess of 20% have been demonstrated at the moderate reverse bias of 50 mV; allowing for near background-limited performance with a Johnson-noise detectivity of 3.11×10¹⁰ Jones at 77 K for a 14.58 µm cutoff wavelength for large area diodes without passivation. This is comparable to values for the state-of-the-art HgCdTe photodiodes. [reprint (PDF)]
20.	Room temperature continuous wave operation of quantum cascade lasers with 12.5% wall plug efficiency Y. Bai, S. Slivken, S.R. Darvish, and M. Razeghi Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 93, No. 2, p. 021103-1-- July 14, 2008 ...[Visit Journal] An InP based quantum cascade laser heterostructure emitting at 4.6 µm was grown with gas-source molecular beam epitaxy. The wafer was processed into a conventional double-channel ridge waveguide geometry with ridge widths of 19.7 and 10.6 µm without semi-insulating InP regrowth. An uncoated, narrow ridge device with a 4.8 mm cavity length was epilayer down bonded to a diamond submount and exhibits 2.5 W maximum output power with a wall plug efficiency of 12.5% at room temperature in continuous wave operation. [reprint (PDF)]
20.	Noise analysis in Type-II InAs/GaSb Focal Plane Arrays P.Y. Delaunay and M. Razeghi Virtual Journal of Nanoscale Science and Technology, Vol. 20, No. 14-- October 5, 2009 ...[Visit Journal][reprint (PDF)]
20.	High-brightness LWIR quantum cascade lasers F. Wang, S. Slivken, and M. Razeghi F. Wang, S. Slivken, and M. Razeghi, High-brightness LWIR quantum cascade lasers, Optics Letters, vol. 46, No. 20, 5193 ...[Visit Journal] Long-wave infrared (LWIR, lambda~8-12 um) quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) are drawing increasing interest, as they provide the possibility of long-distance transmission of light through the atmosphere owing to the reduced water absorption. However, their development has been lagging behind the shorter wavelength QCLs due to much bigger technological challenges. In this Letter, through band structure engineering based on a highly localized diagonal laser transition strategy and out-coupler design using an electrically isolated taper structure, we demonstrate high beam quality single-mode LWIR QCLs with high-brightness (2.0 MW cm^-2 sr^-1 for lambda~10 um, 2.2 MW cm^-2 sr^-1 for lambda~9 um, 5.0 MW cm^-2 sr^-1 for lambda~8 um) light extraction from a single facet in continuous-wave operation at 15 ^oC. These results mark an important milestone in exploring the lighting capability of inter-sub-band semiconductor lasers in the LWIR spectral range. [reprint (PDF)]
20.	Fabrication of nanostructured heterojunction LEDs using self-forming Moth-Eye Arrays of n-ZnO Nanocones Grown on p-Si (111) by PLD D.J. Rogers; V.E. Sandana; F. Hosseini Teherani; M. Razeghi; H.-J. Drouhin Proc. SPIE 7217, Zinc Oxide Materials and Devices IV, 721708 (February 17, 2009)-- February 17, 2009 ...[Visit Journal] ZnO nanostructures were grown on Si (111) substrates using Pulsed Laser Deposition. The impact of growth temperature (T_s) and Ar pressure (P_Ar) on the morphology, crystal structure and photoluminescence was investigated. Various types of ZnO nanostructures were obtained. Self-forming arrays of vertically-aligned nanorods and nanocones with strong c-axis crystallographic orientation and good optical response were obtained at higher T_s. The nanocone, or "moth-eye" type structures were selected for LED development because of their graded effective refractive index, which could facilitate improved light extraction at the LED/air interface. Such moth-eye arrays were grown on p-type Si (111) substrates to form heteroj unction LEDs with the n-type ZnO nanocones acting as an active component of the device. These nanostructured LEDs gave rectifying I/V characteristics with a threshold voltage of about 6V and a blueish-white electroluminescence, which was clearly visible to the naked eye. [reprint (PDF)]
20.	High power 1D and 2D photonic crystal distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers B. Gokden, Y. Bai, S. Tsao, N. Bandyopadhyay, S. Slivken and M. Razeghi SPIE Proceedings, San Francisco, CA (January 22-27, 2011), Vol. 7945, p. 79450C-- January 23, 2011 ...[Visit Journal] For many practical applications that need bright sources of mid-infrared radiation, single mode operation and good beam quality are also required. Quantum cascade lasers are prominent candidates as compact sources of mid-infrared radiation capable of delivering very high power both CW and under pulsed operation. While 1D photonic crystal distributed feedback structures can be used to get single mode operation from quantum cascade lasers with narrow ridge widths, novel 2D photonic crystal cavity designs can be used to improve spectral and spatial purity of broad area quantum cascade lasers. In this paper, we demonstrate high power, spatially and spectrally pure operation at room temperature from narrow ridge and broad area quantum cascade lasers with buried 1D and 2D photonic crystal structures. Single mode continuous wave emission at λ = 4.8 μm up to 700 mW in epi-up configuration at room temperature was observed from a 11 μm wide 5 mm long distributed feedback quantum cascade laser with buried 1D gratings. High peak powers up to 34 W was obtained from a 3mm long 400 μm wide 2D photonic crystal distributed feedback laser at room temperature under pulsed operation. The far field profile had a single peak normal to the laser facet and the M2 figure of merit was as low as 2.5. Emission spectrum had a dominating single mode at λ = 4.36 μm. [reprint (PDF)]
20.	High power operation of λ ∼ 5.2–11 μm strain balanced quantum cascade lasers based on the same material composition N. Bandyopadhyay, Y. Bai, S. Slivken, and M. Razeghi Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, 071106 (2014)-- August 20, 2014 ...[Visit Journal] A technique based on composite quantum wells for design and growth of strain balanced Al_0.63In_0.37As/Ga_0.35In_0.65As/Ga_0.47In_0.53As quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), emitting in 5.2–11 μm wavelength range, is reported. The strained Al_0.63In_0.37As provides good electron confinement at all wavelengths, and strain balancing can be achieved through composite wells of Ga_0.35In_0.65As/Ga_0.47In_0.53As for different wavelength. The use of these fixed composition materials can avoid the need for frequent calibration of a MBE reactor to grow active regions with different strain levels for different wavelengths. Experimental results for QCLs emitting at 5.2, 6.7, 8.2, 9.1, and 11 μm exhibit good wall plug efficiencies and power across the whole wavelength range. It is shown that the emission wavelength can be predictably changed using the same design template. These lasers are also compatible with a heterogeneous broadband active region, consisting of multiple QCL cores, which can be produced in a single growth run. [reprint (PDF)]
20.	Room temperature quantum cascade laser with ∼ 31% wall-plug efficiency F. Wang, S. Slivken, D. H. Wu, and M. Razeghi AIP Advances 10, 075012-- July 14, 2020 ...[Visit Journal] In this article, we report the demonstration of a quantum cascade laser emitting at λ ≈ 4.9 μm with a wall-plug efficiency of ∼31% and an output power of ∼23 W in pulsed operation at room temperature with 50 cascade stages (Ns). With proper fabrication and packaging, this buried ridge quantum cascade laser with a cavity length of 5 mm delivers more than ∼15 W output power, and its wall-plug efficiency exceeds ∼20% at 100 °C. The experimental results of the lasers are well in agreement with the numerical predictions. [reprint (PDF)]
20.	Wafer-scale epitaxial lift-off of optoelectronic grade GaN from a GaN substrate using a sacrificial ZnO interlayer Akhil Rajan, David J Rogers, Cuong Ton-That, Liangchen Zhu, Matthew R Phillips, Suresh Sundaram, Simon Gautier, Tarik Moudakir, Youssef El-Gmili, Abdallah Ougazzaden, Vinod E Sandana, Ferechteh H Teherani, Philippe Bove, Kevin A Prior, Zakaria Djebbour, Ryan McClintock and Manijeh Razeghi Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Volume 49, Number 31 -- July 15, 2016 ...[Visit Journal] Full 2 inch GaN epilayers were lifted off GaN and c-sapphire substrates by preferential chemical dissolution of sacrificial ZnO underlayers. Modification of the standard epitaxial lift-off (ELO) process by supporting the wax host with a glass substrate proved key in enabling full wafer scale-up. Scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction confirmed that intact epitaxial GaN had been transferred to the glass host. Depth-resolved cathodoluminescence (CL) analysis of the bottom surface of the lifted-off GaN layer revealed strong near-band-edge (3.33 eV) emission indicating a superior optical quality for the GaN which was lifted off the GaN substrate. This modified ELO approach demonstrates that previous theories proposing that wax host curling was necessary to keep the ELO etch channel open do not apply to the GaN/ZnO system. The unprecedented full wafer transfer of epitaxial GaN to an alternative support by ELO offers the perspective of accelerating industrial adoption of the expensive GaN substrate through cost-reducing recycling. [reprint (PDF)]
20.	8-13 μm InAsSb heterojunction photodiode operating at near room temperature J.D. Kim, S. Kim, D. Wu, J. Wojkowski, J. Xu, J. Piotrowski, E. Bigan, and M. Razeghi Applied Physics Letters 67 (18)-- October 30, 1995 ...[Visit Journal] p⁺-InSb/π-InAs_1−xSb_x/n⁺-InSb heterojunction photodiodes operating at near room temperature in the 8–13 μm region of infrared (IR) spectrum are reported. A room‐temperature photovoltaic response of up to 13 μm has been observed at 300 K with an x≊0.85 sample. The voltage responsivity‐area product of 3×10⁻⁵ V· cm²/W has been obtained at 300 K for the λ=10.6 μm optimized device. This was close to the theoretical limit set by the Auger mechanism, with a detectivity at room temperature of ≊1.5×10⁸ cm ·Hz^½/W. [reprint (PDF)]
20.	Growth of AlGaN on silicon substrates: a novel way to make back-illuminated ultraviolet photodetectors Ryan McClintock ; Manijeh Razeghi Proc. SPIE 9555, Optical Sensing, Imaging, and Photon Counting: Nanostructured Devices and Applications, 95550U-- August 28, 2015 ...[Visit Journal] AlGaN, with its tunable wide-bandgap is a good choice for the realization of ultraviolet photodetectors. AlGaN films tend to be grown on foreign substrates such as sapphire, which is the most common choice for back-illuminated devices. However, even ultraviolet opaque substrates like silicon holds promise because, silicon can be removed by chemical treatment to allow back-illumination,1 and it is a very low-cost substrate which is available in large diameters up to 300 mm. However, Implementation of silicon as the solar-blind PD substrates requires overcoming the lattice-mismatch (17%) with the AlxGa1-xN that leads to high density of dislocation and crack-initiating stress. In this talk, we report the growth of thick crack-free AlGaN films on (111) silicon substrates through the use of a substrate patterning and mask-less selective area regrowth. This technique is critical as it decouples the epilayers and the substrate and allows for crack-free growth; however, the masking also helps to reduce the dislocation density by inclining the growth direction and encouraging dislocations to annihilate. A back-illuminated p-i-n PD structure is subsequently grown on this high quality template layer. After processing and hybridizing the device we use a chemical process to selectively remove the silicon substrate. This removal has minimal effect on the device, but it removes the UV-opaque silicon and allows back-illumination of the photodetector. We report our latest results of back-illuminated solar-blind photodetectors growth on silicon. [reprint (PDF)]
20.	Antimonite-based gap-engineered type-II superlattice materials grown by MBE and MOCVD for the third generation of infrared imagers Manijeh Razeghi, Arash Dehzangi, Donghai Wu, Ryan McClintock, Yiyun Zhang, Quentin Durlin, Jiakai Li, Fanfei Meng Proc. SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing,Infrared Technology and Applications XLV, 110020G -- May 7, 2019 ...[Visit Journal] Third generation of infrared imagers demand performances for higher detectivity, higher operating temperature, higher resolution, and multi-color detection all accomplished with better yield and lower manufacturing costs. Antimonidebased gap-engineered Type-II superlattices (T2SLs) material system is considered as a potential alternative for MercuryCadmium-Telluride (HgCdTe) technology in all different infrared detection regimes from short to very long wavelengths for the third generation of infrared imagers. This is due to the incredible growth in the understanding of its material properties and improvement of device processing which leads to design and fabrication of better devices. We will present the most recent research results on Antimonide-based gap-engineered Type-II superlattices, such as highperformance dual-band SWIR/MWIR photo-detectors and focal plane arrays for different infrared regimes, toward the third generation of infrared imaging systems at the Center for Zuantum Devices. Comparing metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), vs molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). [reprint (PDF)]
20.	High Performance Planar Antimony-Based Superlattice Photodetectors Using Zinc Diffusion Grown by MBE Jiakai Li, R. K. Saroj, Steven Slivken, V. H. Nguyen, Gail Brown and Manijeh Razeghi Photonics 2022, 9, 664 ...[Visit Journal] In this letter, we report a mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) planar photodetector based on InAs/InAsSb type-II superlattices (T2SLs) that has a cut-off wavelength of 4.3 um at 77 K. The superlattice for the device was grown by molecular beam epitaxy while the planar device structure was achieved by Zinc diffusion process in a metal–organic chemical vapor deposition reactor. At 77 K, the peak responsivity and the corresponding quantum efficiency had the value of 1.42 A/W and 48% respectively at 3.7 um under -20 mV for the MWIR planar photodetector. At 77 K, the MWIR planar photodetector exhibits a dark current density of 2.0E5 A/cm^2 and the R0A value of ~3.0E2 Ohm cm^2 under -20 mV, which yielded a specific detectivity of 4.0E11 cm Hz^(1/2)/W at 3.7 um. At 150 K, the planar device showed a dark current density of 6.4E-5 A/cm^2 and a quantum efficiency of 49% at ~3.7 um under -20 mV, which yielded a specific detectivity of 2.0E11 cm Hz^(1/2)/W. [reprint (PDF)]
20.	Quantum Dot Infrared Photodetectors: Comparison Experiment and Theory H. Lim, W. Zhang, S. Tsao, T. Sills, J. Szafraniec, K. Mi, B. Movaghar, and M. Razeghi Physical Review B, 72-- August 17, 2005 ...[Visit Journal] We present data and calculations and examine the factors that determine the detectivities in self-assembled InAs and InGaAs based quantum dot infrared photodetectors (QDIPs). We investigate a class of devices that combine good wavelength selectivity with “high detectivity.” We study the factors that limit the temperature performance of quantum dot detectors. For this we develop a formalism to evaluate the optical absorption and the electron transport properties. We examine the performance limiting factors and compare theory with experimental data. We find that the notion of a phonon bottleneck does not apply to large-diameter lenslike quantum dots, which have many closely spaced energy levels. The observed strong decrease of responsivity with temperature is ultimately due to a rapid thermal cascade back into the ground states. High temperature performance is improved by engineering the excited state to be near the continuum. The good low temperature (77 K) performance in strongly bound QDIPs is shown to be due to the high gain and the low noise achievable in these micron size devices. [reprint (PDF)]
20.	High Performance Solar-Blind Ultraviolet Focal Plane Arrays Based on AlGaN Erdem Cicek, Ryan McClintock, Abbas Haddadi, William A. Gaviria Rojas, and Manijeh Razeghi IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, Vol. 50, Issue 8, p 591-595-- August 1, 2014 ...[Visit Journal] We report on solar-blind ultraviolet, AlxGa1-x N- based,p-i-n,focal plane array (FPA) with 92% operability. At the peak detection wavelength of 278 nm, 320×256-FP A-pixel showed unbiased peak external quantum efficiency (EQE) and responsivity of 49% and 109 mA/W, respectively, increasing to 66% under 5 volts of reverse bias. Electrical measurements yielded a low-dark current density: <7×10^-9A/cm², at FPA operating voltage of 2 volts of reverse bias. [reprint (PDF)]
20.	High-performance bias-selectable dual-band Short-/Mid-wavelength infrared photodetectors and focal plane arrays based on InAs/GaSb/AlSb Type-II superlattices M. Razeghi; A.M. Hoang; A. Haddadi; G. Chen; S. Ramezani-Darvish; P. Bijjam; P. Wijewarnasuriy; E. Decuir Proc. SPIE 8704, Infrared Technology and Applications XXXIX, 87041W (June 18, 2013)-- June 18, 2013 ...[Visit Journal] We report a bias selectable dual-band Type-II superlattice-based short-wave infrared (SWIR) and mid-wave infrared (MWIR) co-located photodetector capable of active and passive imaging. A new double-layer etch-stop scheme is introduced for back-side-illuminated photodetectors, which enhanced the external quantum efficiency both in the SWIR and MWIR spectral regions. Temperature-dependent dark current measurements of pixel-sized 27 μm detectors found the dark current density to be ∼1×10-5 A/cm2 for the ∼4.2 μm cut-off MWIR channel at 140 K. This corresponded to a reasonable imager noise equivalent difference in temperature of ∼49 mK using F/2.3 optics and a 10 ms integration time (tint), which lowered to ∼13 mK at 110 K using and integration time of 30 ms, illustrating the potential for high-temperature operation. The SWIR channel was found to be limited by readout noise below 150 K. An excellent imagery from the dual-band imager exemplifying pixel coincidence is shown. [reprint (PDF)]
20.	GaInAs and GaInAsP materials grown by low pressure MOCVD for microwave and optoelectronic applications J.P. Duchemin, J.P. Hirtz, M. Razeghi, M. Bonnet , S.D. Hersee J.P. Duchemin, J.P. Hirtz, M. Razeghi, M. Bonnet, S.D. Hersee, GaInAs and GaInAsP materials grown by low pressure MOCVD for microwave and optoelectronic applications, Journal of Crystal Growth, Volume 55, Issue 1, 1981, Pages 64-73-- October 1, 1981 ...[Visit Journal] The low pressure MOCVD technique has been successfully used to grow GaInAsP, lattice-matched to InP, for the complete compositional range between InP (λ=0.91 μm) and the ternary compound Ga0.47In0.53As (λ=1.67 μm). By contrast to LPE growth it has been found that during the MOCVD growth of double heterostructures InP can be grown directly onto the ternary or quaternary with no disturbance of the active layer, i.e. there is no effect equivalent to “melt back”. The compositional grading on both sides of the active layer was measured by scanning Auger spectroscopy on bevelled samples. It was found that the graded regions were typically less than 100 Å wide for GaInAsP active layers and less than 50 Å wide for GaInAs active layers. Single layers of undoped GaInAs exhibited a typical mobility of 6700 cm2 V-1s-1 at 1.5×1017 cm-3. The compositional uniformity of the ternary layers was characterised by measurement of the photoluminescence wavelength at various points on a large sample. The wavelength varied by <3 nm over 95% of the area, which was approximately 8 cm2. Our early MOCVD grown GaInAsP/InP DH lasers exhibited high thresholds due to a poor interface between the p-InP and the active layer. However, recently fabricated broad area lasers emitting at 1.27 μm show an average threshold current density of 1.5 kA cm-2 with a T0 of between 70 to 80 K. Stripe geometry lasers have being fabricated from this material and CW operation has been obtained. [reprint (PDF)]
20.	Al_xGa_1-xN p-i-n Photodiodes on Sapphire Substrates D. Walker, P. Kung, P. Sandvik, J. Wu, M. Hamilton, I.H. Lee, J. Diaz, and M. Razeghi SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA, -- January 27, 1999 ...[Visit Journal] We report the fabrication and characterization of Al_xGa1-xN p-i-n photodiodes (0.05 ≤ to X ≤ 0.30) grown on sapphire by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The devices present a visible-rejection of about four orders of magnitude with a cutoff wavelength that shifts from 350 nm to 291 nm. They also exhibit a constant responsivity for five decades (30 mW/m² to 1 kW/m²) of optical power density. Using capacitance measurements, the values for the acceptor concentration in the p-Al_xGa_1-xN region and the unintentional donor concentration in the intrinsic region are found. Photocurrent decays are exponential for high load resistances, with a time constant that corresponds to the RC product of the system. For low load resistances the transient response becomes non-exponential, with a decay time longer than the RC constant. [reprint (PDF)]

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