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23.  Unleashing light: a deep dive into quantum cascade laser dynamics through power, precision, and performance
Xiaohan Yu, Yanbo Bai, Feihu Wang, Steve Slivken, Nirajman Shrestha, Ruiming Zhang, Nil Ozcevik, Manijeh Razeghi
Proc. SPIE 13908, Quantum Sensing and Nano Electronics and Photonics XXII, 139080U (20 March 2026); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3082051 ...[Visit Journal]
In this study, we explore the complex interplay of structural design and performance metrics in InGaAs/InAlAs/InP ridge waveguide quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) by combining theoretical modeling with rigorous experimental validation. By assuming mirror loss corresponding to a facet reflectivity of R = 0.275, which represents the Fresnel reflectance of uncoated InP facets, we investigated the impact of cavity length on threshold current density and slope efficiency by analyzing Power–Current–Voltage (PIV) characteristics of uncoated QCLs with lengths of 3mm, 4mm, and 5mm. Slope efficiencies were extracted and corrected for single-facet detection. By leveraging fitting techniques across multiple datasets and laser structure, we quantified internal and external quantum efficiencies and determined the transparency current density using graphical and analytical methods. A linear regression of inverse external efficiency versus inverse mirror loss enabled estimation of the internal quantum efficiency, highlighting the direct influence of fabrication parameters on laser output. With a linear fit of threshold current density versus mirror loss, the transparency current density was calculated. This work not only reinforces foundational laser physics principles but also provides a hands-on methodology for analyzing active device parameters with practical implications in tunable mid-infrared sources, spectroscopy, and optical sensing. [reprint (PDF)]
 
23.  High Power Mid-Infrared Quantum Cascade Lasers Grown on Si
Steven Slivken, Nirajman Shrestha, and Manijeh Razeghi
Photonics, vol. 9, 626 ...[Visit Journal]
This article details the demonstration of a strain-balanced, InP-based mid-infrared quantum cascade laser structure that is grown directly on a Si substrate. This is facilitated by the creation of a metamorphic buffer layer that is used to convert from the lattice constant of Si (0.543 nm) to that of InP (0.587 nm). The laser geometry utilizes two top contacts in order to be compatible with future large-scale integration. Unlike previous reports, this device is capable of room temperature operation with up to 1.6 W of peak power. The emission wavelength at 293 K is 4.82 um, and the device operates in the fundamental transverse mode. [reprint (PDF)]
 
23.  Widely tunable room temperature semiconductor terahertz source
Q. Y. Lu, S. Slivken, N. Bandyopadhyay, Y. Bai, and M. Razeghi
Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, 201102-- November 17, 2014 ...[Visit Journal]
We present a widely tunable, monolithic terahertz source based on intracavity difference frequency generation within a mid-infrared quantum cascade laser at room temperature. A three-section ridge waveguide laser design with two sampled grating sections and a distributed-Bragg section is used to achieve the terahertz (THz) frequency tuning. Room temperature single mode THz emission with a wide tunable frequency range of 2.6–4.2 THz (∼47% of the central frequency) and THz power up to 0.1 mW is demonstrated, making such device an ideal candidate for THz spectroscopy and sensing. [reprint (PDF)]
 
23.  High performance InGaAs/InGaP quantum dot infrared photodetector achieved through doping level optimization
S. Tsao, K. Mi, J. Szafraniec, W. Zhang, H. Lim, B. Movaghar, and M. Razeghi
SPIE Conference, Jose, CA, Vol. 5732, pp. 334-- January 22, 2005 ...[Visit Journal]
We report an InGaAs/InGaP/GaAs quantum dot infrared photodetector grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition with detectivity of 1.3x1011 cm·Hz½/W at 77K and 1.2x1010 ccm·Hz½/W at 120K. Modeling of the Quantum dot energy levels showed us that increased photoresponse could be obtained by doping the quantum dots to 4 electrons per dot instead of the usual 2 electrons per dot. This happens because the primary photocurrent transition is from the first excited state to a higher excited state. Increasing the quantum doping in our device yielded significant responsivity improvement and much higher detectivity as a result. This paper discusses the performance of this higher doping device and compares it to our previously reported device with lower doping. [reprint (PDF)]
 
23.  EPR STUDY OF Mn 2. AROUND THE FERROELASTIC TRANSITION POINT OF Pb3(PO4)2
M. Razeghi, B. Houlier and M. Yuste
M. Razeghi et al. EPR STUDY OF Mn 2. AROUND THE FERROELASTIC TRANSITION POINT OF Pb3(PO4)2, Solid State Communications, Vol. 26, pp. 665-668. -- January 26, 1978 ...[Visit Journal]
The spin Hamiltonian parameters of Mn 2÷ have been measured above and below the transition point (180"C) of the lead phosphate. They show that Mn 2+ substitutes a Pbl ion. Between 175 and 180vC the principal axis OX of the fine tensor is parallel to the wave vector of the soft mode which condensates at the transition point. An exaltation of the linewidth is observed. The linewidth remains constant within 50C of Te; in this temperature range, the "static regime" is achieved, and the correlation time of the fluctuations is less than 10 -s sec. [reprint (PDF)]
 
23.  InSb Infrared Photodetectors on Si Substrates Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy
E. Michel, J. Xu, J.D. Kim, I. Ferguson, and M. Razeghi
IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 8 (5) pp. 673-- May 1, 1996 ...[Visit Journal]
The InSb infrared photodetectors grown heteroepitaxially on Si substrates by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) are reported. Excellent InSb material quality is obtained on 3-in Si substrates (with a GaAs predeposition) as confirmed by structural, optical, and electrical analysis. InSb infrared photodetectors on Si substrates that can operate from 77 K to room temperature have been demonstrated. The peak voltage-responsitivity at 4 μm is about 1.0×103 V/W and the corresponding Johnson-noise-limited detectivity is calculated to be 2.8×1010 cm·Hz½/W. This is the first important stage in developing InSb detector arrays or monolithic focal plane arrays (FPAs) on silicon. The development of this technology could provide a challenge to traditional hybrid FPA's in the future. [reprint (PDF)]
 
23.  Watt level performance of quantum cascade lasers in room temperature continuous wave operation at λ ∼ 3.76 μm
N. Bandyopadhyay, Y. Bai, B. Gokden, A. Myzaferi, S. Tsao, S. Slivken and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 97, No. 13-- September 27, 2010 ...[Visit Journal]
An InP-based quantum cascade laser heterostructure emitting at 3.76 μm is grown with gas-source molecular beam epitaxy. The laser core is composed of strain balanced In0.76Ga0.24As/In0.26Al0.74As. Pulsed testing at room temperature exhibits a low threshold current density (1.5 kA/cm²) and high wall plug efficiency (10%). Room temperature continuous wave operation gives 6% wall plug efficiency with a maximum output power of 1.1 W. Continuous wave operation persists up to 95 °C. [reprint (PDF)]
 
23.  High-power, continuous-wave, phase-locked quantum cascade laser arrays emitting at 8 μm
WENJIA ZHOU,QUAN-YONG LU,DONG-HAI WU, STEVEN SLIVKEN, AND MANIJEH RAZEGHI
OPTICS EXPRESS 27, 15776-15785-- May 20, 2019 ...[Visit Journal]
We report a room-temperature eight-element phase-locked quantum cascade laser array emitting at 8 μm with a high continuous-wave power of 8.2 W and wall plug efficiency of 9.5%. The laser array operates primarily via the in-phase supermode and has single-mode emission with a side-mode suppression ratio of ~20 dB. The quantum cascade laser active region is based on a high differential gain (8.7 cm/kA) and low voltage defect (90 meV) design. A record high wall plug efficiency of 20.4% is achieved from a low loss buried ridge type single-element Fabry-Perot laser operating in pulsed mode at 20 °C. [reprint (PDF)]
 
23.  Avalanche multiplication in AlGaN based solar-blind photodetectors
R. McClintock, A. Yasan, K. Minder, P. Kung, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, 87 (24)-- December 12, 2005 ...[Visit Journal]
Avalanche multiplication has been observed in solar-blind AlGaN-based p-i-n photodiodes. Upon ultraviolet illumination, the optical gain shows a soft breakdown starting at relatively low electric fields, eventually saturating without showing a Geiger mode breakdown. The devices achieve a maximum optical gain of 700 at a reverse bias of 60 V. By modeling the device, it is found that this corresponds to an electric-field strength of 1.7 MV/cm. [reprint (PDF)]
 
23.  High power continuous operation of a widely tunable quantum cascade laser with an integrated amplifier
S. Slivken, S. Sengupta, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 107, 251101-- December 21, 2015 ...[Visit Journal]
Wide electrical tuning and high continuous output power is demonstrated from a single mode quantum cascade laser emitting at a wavelength near 4.8 μm. This is achieved in a space efficient manner by integrating an asymmetric sampled grating distributed feedback tunable laser with an optical amplifier. An initial demonstration of high peak power operation in pulsed mode is demonstrated first, with >5 W output over a 270 nm (113 cm−1) spectral range. Refinement of the geometry leads to continuous operation with a single mode spectral coverage of 300 nm (120 cm−1) and a maximum continuous power of 1.25 W. The output beam is shown to be nearly diffraction-limited, even at high amplifier current. [reprint (PDF)]
 
23.  Active and passive infrared imager based on short-wave and mid-wave type-II superlattice dual-band detectors
E.K. Huang, A. Haddadi, G. Chen, A.M. Hoang, and M. Razeghi
Optics Letters, Vol. 38, no. 1, p. 22-24-- January 1, 2013 ...[Visit Journal]
A versatile dual-band detector capable of active and passive use is demonstrated using short-wave (SW) and midwave(MW) IR type-II superlattice photodiodes. A bilayer etch-stop scheme is introduced for back-side-illuminated detectors, which enhanced the external quantum efficiency both in the SWIR and MWIR spectral regions. Temperature-dependent dark current measurements of pixel-sized 27 μm detectors found the dark current density to be ~1 × 10-5 A/cm² for the ∼4.2 μm cutoff MWIR channel at 140 K. This corresponded to a reasonable imager noise equivalent difference in temperature of ∼49 mK using F∕2.3 optics and a 10 ms integration time (tint), which lowered to ∼13 mK at 110 K using tint  30 ms, illustrating the potential for high-temperature operation. The SWIR channel was found to be limited by readout noise below 150 K. Excellent imagery from the dual-band imager exemplifying pixel coincidence is shown. [reprint (PDF)]
 
23.  Techniques for High-Quality SiO2 Films
J. Nguyen and M. Razeghi
SPIE Conference, January 25-29, 2007, San Jose, CA Proceedings – Quantum Sensing and Nanophotonic Devices IV, Vol. 6479, p. 64791K-1-8-- January 29, 2007 ...[Visit Journal]
We report on the comparison of optical, structural, and electrical properties of SiO2 using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition and ion-beam sputtering deposition. High-quality, low-temperature deposition of SiO2 by ion-beam sputtering deposition is shown to have lower absorption, smoother and more densely packed films, a lower amount of fixed oxide charges, and a lower trapped-interface density than SiO2 by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. This high-quality SiO2 is then demonstrated as an excellent electrical and mechanical surface passivation layer on Type-II InAs/GaSb photodetectors [reprint (PDF)]
 
23.  Short Wavelength (λ~ 4.3 μm) High-Performance Continuous-Wave Quantum-Cascade Lasers
J.S. Yu, A. Evans, S. Slivken, S.R. Darvish, and M. Razeghi
IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 17 (6)-- June 1, 2005 ...[Visit Journal]
We report continuous-wave (CW) operation of a 4.3-μm quantum-cascade laser from 80 K to 313 K. For a high-reflectivity-coated 11-μm-wide and 4-mm-long laser, CW output powers of 1.34 W at 80 K and 26 mW at 313 K are achieved. At 298 K, the CW threshold current density of 1.5 kA/cm2 is observed with a CW output power of 166 mW and maximum wall-plug efficiency of 1.47%. The CW emission wavelength varies from 4.15 μm at 80 K to 4.34 μm at 298 K, corresponding to a temperature-tuning rate of 0.87 nm/K. The beam full-width at half-maximum values for the parallel and the perpendicular far-field patterns are 26° and 49° in CW mode, respectively. [reprint (PDF)]
 
23.  High Performance Type-II InAs/GaSb Superlattice Photodiodes
H. Mohseni, Y. Wei, and M. Razeghi
SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA, -- January 22, 2001 ...[Visit Journal]
We report on the demonstration of high performance p-i-n photodiodes based on Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattices operating in the very long wavelength infrared (VLWIR) range at 80 K. Material is grown by molecular beam epitaxy on GaSb substrates with excellent crystal quality as evidenced by x-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy. The processed devices with a 50% cutoff wavelength of λc equals 22 μm show a peak current responsivity about 5.5 A/W at 80 K. The use of binary layers in the superlattice has significantly enhanced the uniformity and reproducibility of the energy gap. The 90% to 10% cut-off energy width of these devices is on the order of 2 kT which is about four times smaller compared to the devices based on InAs/Ga1-xInxSb superlattices. Similar photovoltaic devices with cut-off wavelengths up to 25 μm have been measured at 80 K. Our experimental results shows excellent uniformity over a three inch wafer area, indicating the possibility of VLWIR focal plane arrays based on Type-II superlattices. [reprint (PDF)]
 
23.  High performance photodiodes based on InAs/InAsSb type-II superlattices for very long wavelength infrared detection
A. M. Hoang, G. Chen, R. Chevallier, A. Haddadi, and M. Razeghi
Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 251105 (2014)-- June 23, 2014 ...[Visit Journal]
Very long wavelength infrared photodetectors based on InAs/InAsSb Type-II superlattices are demonstrated on GaSb substrate. A heterostructure photodiode was grown with 50% cut-off wavelength of 14.6 μm. At 77 K, the photodiode exhibited a peak responsivity of 4.8 A/W, corresponding to a quantum efficiency of 46% at −300 mV bias voltage from front side illumination without antireflective coating. With the dark current density of 0.7 A/cm², it provided a specific detectivity of 1.4 × 1010 Jones. The device performance was investigated as a function of operating temperature, revealing a very stable optical response and a background limited performance below 50 K. [reprint (PDF)]
 
23.  Widely tuned room temperature terahertz quantum cascade laser sources based on difference-frequency generation
Q.Y. Lu, N. Bandyopadhyay, S. Slivken, Y. Bai and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 101, No. 25, p. 251121-1-- December 17, 2012 ...[Visit Journal]
We demonstrate room temperature THz quantum cascade laser sources with a broad spectral coverage based on intracavity difference-frequency generation. Two mid-infrared active cores based on the single-phonon resonance scheme are designed with a THz nonlinearity specially optimized at the high operating fields that correspond to the highest mid-infrared output powers. A Čerenkov phase-matching scheme along with integrated dual-period distributed feedback gratings are used for efficient THz extraction and spectral purification. Single mode emissions from 1.0 to 4.6 THz with a side-mode suppression ratio and output power up to 40 dB and 32 μW are obtained, respectively. [reprint (PDF)]
 
23.  A lifetime of contributions to the world of semiconductors using the Czochralski invention
M. Razeghi
Vacuum Vol. 9934, 993406-1-- February 8, 2017 ...[Visit Journal]
Over the course of my career, I have made numerous contributions related to semiconductor crystal growth and high performance optoelectronics over a vast region of the electromagnetic spectrum (ultraviolet to terahertz). In 2016 this cumulated in my receiving the Jan Czochralski Gold Medal award from the European Materials Research Society. This article is designed to provide a historical perspective and general overview of these scientific achievements, on the occasion of being honored by this award. These achievements would not have been possible without high quality crystalline substrates, and this article is written in honor of Jan Czochralski on the 100th anniversary of his important discovery. [reprint (PDF)]
 
23.  Imprinting of Nanoporosity in Lithium-Doped Nickel Oxide through the use of Sacrificial Zinc Oxide Nanotemplates
Vinod E. Sandana, David J. Rogers, Ferechteh H. Teheran1, Philippe Bove, Ryan McClintock and Manijeh Razeghi
Proc. SPIE 10105, Oxide-based Materials and Devices VIII, 101052C-- April 3, 2017 ...[Visit Journal]
Methods for simultaneously increasing the conductivity and the porosity of NiO layers grown by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) were investigated in order to develop improved photocathodes for p-DSSC applications. NiO:Li (20at%) layers grown on c-Al2O3 by PLD showed a sharp drop in conductivity with increasing substrate temperature. Layers grown at room temperature were more than two orders of magnitude more conductive than undoped NiO layers but did not show evidence of any porosity in Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images. A new method for imposing a nanoporosity in NiO was developed based on a sacrificial template of nanostructured ZnO. SEM images and EDX spectroscopy showed that a nanoporous morphology had been imprinted in the NiO overlayer after preferential chemical etching away of the nanostructured ZnO underlayer. Beyond p-DSSC applications, this new process could represent a new paradigm for imprinting porosity in a whole range of materials. [reprint (PDF)]
 
23.  High Power, Room Temperature InP-Based Quantum Cascade Laser Grown on Si
Steven Slivken and Manijeh Razeghi
Journal of Quantum Electronics, Vol. 58, No. 6, 2300206 ...[Visit Journal]
We report on the realization of an InP-based long wavelength quantum cascade laser grown on top of a silicon substrate. This demonstration first required the development of an epitaxial template with a smooth surface, which combines two methods of dislocation filtering. Once wafer growth was complete, a lateral injection buried heterostructure laser geometry was employed for efficient current injection and low loss. The laser emits at a wavelength of 10.8 μm and is capable of operation above 373 K, with a high peak power (>4 W) at room temperature. Laser threshold behavior with temperature is characterized by a T0 of 178 K. The far field beam shape is single lobed, showing fundamental transverse mode operation. [reprint (PDF)]
 
23.  Ultrafast Pulse Generation from Quantum Cascade Lasers
Feihu Wang, Xiaoqiong Qi, Zhichao Chen, Manijeh Razeghi, and Sukhdeep Dhillon
Wang, F.; Qi, X.; Chen, Z.; Razeghi, M.; Dhillon, S. Ultrafast Pulse Generation from Quantum Cascade Lasers. Micromachines 2022, 13, 2063. https://doi.org/10.3390/ mi13122063 ...[Visit Journal]
Quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) have broken the spectral barriers of semiconductor lasers and enabled a range of applications in the mid-infrared (MIR) and terahertz (THz) regimes. However, until recently, generating ultrashort and intense pulses from QCLs has been difficult. This would be useful to study ultrafast processes in MIR and THz using the targeted wavelength-by-design properties of QCLs. Since the first demonstration in 2009, mode-locking of QCLs has undergone considerable development in the past decade, which includes revealing the underlying mechanism of pulse formation, the development of an ultrafast THz detection technique, and the invention of novel pulse compression technology, etc. Here, we review the history and recent progress of ultrafast pulse generation from QCLs in both the THz and MIR regimes. [reprint (PDF)]
 
23.  Influence of Residual Impurity Background on the Non-radiative Recombination Processes in High Purity InAs/GaSb superlattice Photodiodes
E.C.F. da Silva, D. Hoffman, A. Hood, B. Nguyen, P.Y. Delaunay and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, 89 (24)-- December 11, 2006 ...[Visit Journal]
The influence of the impurity background on the recombination processes in type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes with a cutoff wavelength of approximately 4.8 μm was investigated by electroluminescence measurements. Using an iterative fitting procedure based on the dependence of the quantum efficiency of the electroluminescence on the injection current, the Auger and Shockley-Read-Hall lifetimes were determined [reprint (PDF)]
 
23.  Anomalous Hall Effect in InSb Layers Grown by MOCVD on GaAs Substrates
C. Besikci, Y.H. Choi, R. Sudharsanan, and M. Razeghi
Journal of Applied Physics 73 (10)-- May 15, 1993 ...[Visit Journal]
InSb epitaxial layers have been grown on GaAs substrates by low‐pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. A 3.15 μm thick film yielded an x‐ray full width at half maximum of 171 arcsec. A Hall mobility of 76  200 cm²/V· s at 240 K and a full width at half maximum of 174 arcsec have been measured for a 4.85 μm thick epilayer. Measured Hall data have shown anomalous behavior. A decrease in Hall mobility with decreasing temperature has been observed and room‐temperature Hall mobility has increased with thickness. In order to explain the anomalous Hall data, and the thickness dependence of the measured parameters, the Hall coefficient and Hall mobility have been simulated using a three‐layer model including a surface layer, a bulklike layer, and an interface layer with a high density of defects. Theoretical analysis has shown that anomalous behavior can be attributed to donor-like defects caused by the large lattice mismatch and to a surface layer which dominates the transport in the material at low temperatures.   [reprint (PDF)]
 
23.  Low Dark Current Deep UV AlGaN Photodetectors on AlN Substrate
Lakshay Gautam, Junhee Lee, Gail Brown, Manijeh Razeghi
IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 1-5, June 2022, Art no. 4000205 ...[Visit Journal]
We report high quality, low dark current, deep Ultraviolet AlGaN/AlN Photodetectors on AlN substrate. AlGaN based Photodetectors are grown and fabricated both on AlN and Sapphire substrates with the same epilayer structure. Subsequently, electrical characteristics of both photodetectors on AlN substrate and Sapphire are compared. A reduction of 4 orders of magnitude of dark current density is reported in UV detectors grown on AlN substrate with respect to Sapphire substrate. [reprint (PDF)]
 
23.  Band-gap narrowing and potential fluctuation in Si-doped GaN
I.H. Lee, J.J. Lee, P. Kung, F.J. Sanchez, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 74 (1)-- January 4, 1999 ...[Visit Journal]
We investigate the optical properties of two sets of Si-doped GaN epitaxial layers with different degree of compensation. The electron concentration dependence of the band-gap energy measured by photoluminescence is interpreted as band-gap narrowing effect and evaluated by a simple relation. The photoluminescence peak positions of heavily compensated samples are shifted downward with respect to those of moderately compensated samples, and the down shift becomes larger at higher electron density. Based on analysis of photoluminescence spectra, these prominent behaviors are accounted for by band-edge potential fluctuation associated with inhomogeneous residual impurities. [reprint (PDF)]
 
23.  Multi-color 4–20 μm In-P-based Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors
C. Jelen, S. Slivken, G.J. Brown, and M. Razeghi
SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA, -- January 27, 1999 ...[Visit Journal]
In order to tune the wavelength of lattice-matched QWIP detectors over the range from 4 - 20 &mum, new designs are demonstrated for the first time which combine InGaAlAs and InGaAsP layers lattice-matched to InP and grown by gas-source molecular beam epitaxy. We demonstrate the first long-wavelength quantum well infrared photodetectors using the lattice-matched n-doped InGaAlAs/InP materials system. Samples with AlAs mole fractions of 0.0, 0.1, and 0.15 result in cutoff wavelengths of 8.5, 13.3, and 19.4 μm, respectively. A 45 degree facet coupled illumination responsivity of R equals 0.37 A/W and detectivity of D*(λ) equals 1x109 cm·Hz½·W-1 at T = 77 K, for a cutoff wavelength λc equals 13.3 μm have been achieved. Based on the measured intersubband photoresponse wavelength, a null conduction band offset is expected for In0.52Ga0.21Al0.27As/InP heterojunctions. We also report quantum well infrared photodetector structures of In0.53Ga0.47As/Al0.48In0.52As grown on InP substrate with photoresponse at 4 μm suitable for mid-wavelength infrared detectors. These detectors exhibit a constant peak responsivity of 30 mA/W independent of temperature in the range from T equals 77 K to T equals 200 K. Combining these two materials, we report the first multispectral detectors that combine lattice-matched quantum wells of InGaAs/InAlAs and InGaAs/InP. Utilizing two contacts, a voltage tunable detector with (lambda) p equals 8 micrometer at a bias of V equals 5 V and λp equals 4 μm at V equals 10 V is demonstrated. [reprint (PDF)]
 

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