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3.  Theoretical investigation of minority carrier leakage of high-power 0.8 μm InGaAsP/InGaP/GaAs laser diodes
J. Diaz, I. Eliashevich, H.J. Yi, M. Stanton, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 65 (18)-- October 31, 1994 ...[Visit Journal]
We report a theoretical model that accurately describes the effects of minority carrier leakage from the InGaAsP waveguide into InGaP cladding layers in high‐power aluminum-free 0.8 μm InGaAsP/InGaP/GaAs separate confinement heterostructure lasers. Current leakage due to the relatively low band‐gap discontinuity between the active region and the InGaP barrier can be eliminated by employing laser diodes with cavity length longer than 500 μm. Experimental results for lasers grown by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition are in excellent agreement with the theoretical model. [reprint (PDF)]
 
3.  Neutron Activation Analysis of an Iranian Cigarette and its Smoke
Z. Abedinzadeh, M. Razeghi and B. Parsa
Z. Abedinzadeh, M. Razeghi and B. Parsa, Journal of Radioanalytical Chemistry, VoL 35 [1977) 373-376-- September 1, 1977 ...[Visit Journal]
Non-destructive neutron activation analysis, employing a high-resolution Ge(Li) detector, was applied to determine the concentration of 24 trace elements in the tobacco of the Zarrin cigarette which is commercially made in Iran. These elements are: Na, K, Sc, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Zn, Se, Br, Rb, Ag, Sb, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Sm, Eu, Tb, Hf, Au, Hg and Th. The smokes from the combustion of this tobacco and of the cigarette paper were also analysed for these elements and the percentage transference values were calculated. [reprint (PDF)]
 
3.  Recent advances in IR semiconductor laser diodes and future trends
M. Razeghi; Y. Bai; N. Bandyopadhyay; B. Gokden; Q.Y. Lu; S. Slivken
Photonics Society Summer Topical Meeting Series, IEEE [6000041], pp. 55-56 (2011)-- July 18, 2011 ...[Visit Journal]
The wall plug efficiency of the mid-infrared quantum cascade laser in room temperature continuous wave (cw) operation is brought to 21%, with a maximum output power of 5.1 W. Using a surface grating distributed feedback (DFB) approach, we demonstrated 2.4 W single mode output in room temperature cw operation. With a photonic crystal distributed feedback (PCDFB) design, we achieved single mode spectrum and close to diffraction limited far field with a room temperature high peak power of 34 W. [reprint (PDF)]
 
3.  High speed type-II superlattice based photodetectors transferred on sapphire
Arash Dehzangi, Ryan McClintock, Donghai Wu, Jiakai Li, Stephen Johnson, Emily Dial and Manijeh Razeghi
Applied Physics Express, Volume 12, Number 11-- October 3, 2019 ...[Visit Journal]
We report the substrate transfer of InAs/GaSb/AlSb based type-II superlattice (T2SL) e-SWIR photodetector from native GaSb substrates to low loss sapphire substrate in order to enhance the frequency response of the device. We have demonstrated the damage-free transfer of T2SL-based thin-films to sapphire substrate using top–down processing and a chemical epilayer release technique. After transfer the −3 dB cut-off frequency increased from 6.4 GHz to 17.2 GHz, for 8 μm diameter circular mesas under -15 V applied bias. We also investigated the cut-off frequency verses applied bias and lateral scaling to assess the limitations for even higher frequency performance. Direct Link [reprint (PDF)]
 
3.  Demonstration of type-II superlattice MWIR minority carrier unipolar imager for high operation temperature application
Guanxi Chen, Abbas Haddadi, Anh-Minh Hoang, Romain Chevallier, and Manijeh Razeghi
Optics Letters Vol. 40, Iss. 1, pp. 29–32-- December 18, 2014 ...[Visit Journal]
An InAs/GaSb type-II superlattice-based mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) 320×256 unipolar focal plane array (FPA) using pMp architecture exhibited excellent infrared image from 81 to 150 K and ∼98% operability, which illustrated the possibility for high operation temperature application. At 150 K and −50  mV operation bias, the 27 μm pixels exhibited dark current density to be 1.2×10−5  A/cm², with 50% cutoff wavelength of 4.9 μm, quantum efficiency of 67% at peak responsivity (4.6 μm), and specific detectivity of 1.2×1012 Jones. At 90 K and below, the 27 μm pixels exhibited system limited dark current density, which is below 1×10−9  A/cm², and specific detectivity of 1.5×1014 Jones. From 81 to 100 K, the FPA showed ∼11  mK NEDT by using F/2.3 optics and a 9.69 ms integration time. [reprint (PDF)]
 
3.  Quantum Dot Intersubband Photodetectors
C. Jelen, M. Erdtmann, S. Kim, and M. Razeghi
SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA, -- January 22, 2001 ...[Visit Journal]
Quantum dots are recognized as very promising candidates for the fabrication of intersubband photodetectors in the infrared spectral range. At present, material quality is making rapid progress and some devices have been demonstrated. Examples of mid-infrared quantum dot intersubband photodetectors are presented along with device design and data analysis. Nonetheless, the performance of these devices remains less than comparable quantum well intersubband photodetectors due to difficulties in controlling the quantum dot size and distribution during epitaxy. [reprint (PDF)]
 
3.  EPR Study of Gd around the Ferroelastic Transition Point of Pb3 (PO4)2
M. RAZEGHI and B. HOULIER
M. RAZEGHI et al., phys. stat. sol. (b) 89, K135 (1978) -- October 1, 1978 ...[Visit Journal][reprint (PDF)]
 
3.  Characterization of high quality GaInP/GaAs superlattices grown on GaAs and Si substrates by gas source molecular beam epitaxy
C. Jelen, S. Slivken, X.G. He, and M. Razeghi and S. Shastry
Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B 12 (2)-- March 1, 1994 ...[Visit Journal]
We report an analysis of the heteroepitaxial interfaces in high quality GaInP–GaAs superlattices grown simultaneously on GaAs and Si substrates by gas source molecular beam epitaxy. These two superlattices have been studied using high resolution x-ray diffraction measurements. Sharp superlattice satellites, with very little broadening, are observed within a 6° range for the sample on GaAs. Photoluminescence peaks with full widths at half-maximums of 5 and 7 meV are obtained at 4 K for samples with 58 Å wells on GaAs and Si, respectively. Room temperature exciton absorption is observed in the photovoltage measurements for a superlattice grown on Si substrate. The thicknesses determined by x-ray analysis are consistent with those obtained by a Kronig–Penny model fitting of the photovoltage spectroscopy. [reprint (PDF)]
 
3.  Investigation of 0.8 μm InGaAsP-GaAs laser diodes with Multiple Quantum Wells
J. Diaz, H. Yi, S. Kim, M. Erdtmann, L.J. Wang, I. Eliashevich, E. Bigan and M. Razeghi
Optoelectronic Integrated Circuit Materials, Physics and Devices, SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA; Proceedings, Vol. 2397-- February 6, 1995 ...[Visit Journal]
In this paper, we studied the effects of the active region structure (one, two and three quantum wells with same total thickness) for high-power InGaAsP-GaAs separate confinement heterostructure lasers emitting at 0.8 μm wavelength. Experimental results for the lasers grown by low pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition show excellent agreement with the theoretical model. Total output power of 47 W from an uncoated 1 cm-wide laser bar was achieved in quasi-continuous wave operation [reprint (PDF)]
 
3.  Multi-color 4–20 μm In-P-based Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors
C. Jelen, S. Slivken, G.J. Brown, and M. Razeghi
SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA, -- January 27, 1999 ...[Visit Journal]
In order to tune the wavelength of lattice-matched QWIP detectors over the range from 4 - 20 &mum, new designs are demonstrated for the first time which combine InGaAlAs and InGaAsP layers lattice-matched to InP and grown by gas-source molecular beam epitaxy. We demonstrate the first long-wavelength quantum well infrared photodetectors using the lattice-matched n-doped InGaAlAs/InP materials system. Samples with AlAs mole fractions of 0.0, 0.1, and 0.15 result in cutoff wavelengths of 8.5, 13.3, and 19.4 μm, respectively. A 45 degree facet coupled illumination responsivity of R equals 0.37 A/W and detectivity of D*(λ) equals 1x109 cm·Hz½·W-1 at T = 77 K, for a cutoff wavelength λc equals 13.3 μm have been achieved. Based on the measured intersubband photoresponse wavelength, a null conduction band offset is expected for In0.52Ga0.21Al0.27As/InP heterojunctions. We also report quantum well infrared photodetector structures of In0.53Ga0.47As/Al0.48In0.52As grown on InP substrate with photoresponse at 4 μm suitable for mid-wavelength infrared detectors. These detectors exhibit a constant peak responsivity of 30 mA/W independent of temperature in the range from T equals 77 K to T equals 200 K. Combining these two materials, we report the first multispectral detectors that combine lattice-matched quantum wells of InGaAs/InAlAs and InGaAs/InP. Utilizing two contacts, a voltage tunable detector with (lambda) p equals 8 micrometer at a bias of V equals 5 V and λp equals 4 μm at V equals 10 V is demonstrated. [reprint (PDF)]
 
3.  Toward realization of small-size dual-band long-wavelength infrared photodetectors based on InAs/GaSb/AlSb type-II superlattices
Romain Chevallier, Abbas Haddadi, Manijeh Razeghi
Solid-State Electronics 136, pp. 51-54-- June 20, 2017 ...[Visit Journal]
In this study, we demonstrate 12 × 12 µm² high-performance, dual-band, long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) photodetectors based on InAs/GaSb/AlSb type-II superlattices. The structure consists of two back-to-back heterojunction photodiodes with 2 µm-thick p-doped absorption regions. High quality dry etching combined with SiO2 passivation results in a surface resistivity value of 7.9 × 105 Ω·cm for the longer (red) channel and little degradation of the electrical performance. The device reaches dark current density values of 4.5 × 10−4 A/cm² for the longer (red) and 1.3 × 10−4 A/cm² for the shorter (blue) LWIR channels at quantum efficiency saturation. It has 50% cut-off wavelengths of 8.3 and 11.2 µm for the blue and red channel, respectively, at 77 K in back-side illumination configuration and exhibits quantum efficiencies of 37% and 29%, respectively. This results in specific detectivity values of 2.5 × 1011 cm·Hz½/W and 1.3 × 1011 cm·Hz½/W at 77 K. [reprint (PDF)]
 
3.  Study on the effects of minority carrier leakage in InAsSb/InPAsSb double heterostructure
B. Lane, D. Wu, H.J. Yi, J. Diaz, A. Rybaltowski, S. Kim, M. Erdtmann, H. Jeon and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 70 (11)-- April 17, 1997 ...[Visit Journal]
InAsxSb1−x/InP1−x−yAsxSby double heterostructures have been grown on InAs substrates by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. The minority carrier leakage to the cladding layers was studied with photoluminescence measurements on the InAsSb/InPAsSb double heterostructures. A carrier leakage model is used to extract parameters related to the leakage current (diffusion-coefficient and length) from experimental results. Using the obtained parameters, the temperature dependence of the threshold current density of InAsSb/InPAsSb double heterostructure lasers is predicted and compared with experimental results. [reprint (PDF)]
 
3.  High-performance, continuous-wave operation of λ ~ 4.6 μm quantum-cascade lasers above room temperature
J.S. Yu, S. Slivken, A. Evans and M. Razeghi
IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, Vol. 44, No. 8, p. 747-754-- August 1, 2008 ...[Visit Journal]
We report the high-performance continuous-wave (CW) operation of 10-μm-wide quantum-cascade lasers (QCLs) emitting at λ ~ 4.6 μm, based on the GaInAs–AlInAs material without regrowth, in epilayer-up and -down bonding configurations. The operational characteristics of QCLs such as the maximum average power, peak output power, CW output power, and maximum CW operating temperature are investigated, depending on cavity length. Also, important device parameters, i.e., the waveguide loss, the transparency current density, the modal gain, and the internal quantum efficiency, are calculated from length-dependent results. For a high-reflectivity (HR) coated 4-mm-long cavity with epilayer-up bonding, the highest maximum average output power of 633 mW is measured at 65% duty cycle, with 469 mW still observed at 100%. The laser exhibits the maximum wall-plug efficiencies of 8.6% and 3.1% at 298 K, in pulsed and CW operatons, respectively. From 298 to 393 K, the temperature dependent threshold current density in pulsed operation shows a high characteristic temperature of 200 K. The use of an epilayer-down bonding further improves the device performance. A CW output power of 685 mW at 288 K is achieved for the 4-micron-long cavity. At 298 K, the output power of 590 mW, threshold current density of 1.52 kA / cm2, and maximum wall-plug efficiency of 3.73% are obtained under CW mode, operating up to 363 K (90 °C). For HR coated 3-micron-long cavities, laser characteristics across the same processed wafer show a good uniformity across the area of 2 x 1 cm2, giving similar output powers, threshold current densities, and emission wavelengths. The CW beam full-width at half-maximum of far-field patterns are 25 degree and 46 degree for the parallel and the perpendicular directions, respectively. [reprint (PDF)]
 
3.  Substrate emission quantum cascade ring lasers with room temperature continuous wave operation
Y. Bai, S. Tsao, N. Bandyopadhyay, S. Slivken, Q.Y. Lu, and M. Razeghi
SPIE Proceedings, Vol. 8268, p. 82680N-- January 22, 2012 ...[Visit Journal]
We demonstrate room temperature, continuous wave operation of quantum cascade ring lasers around 5 μm with single mode operation up to 0.51 W output power. Single mode operation persists up to 0.4 W. Light is coupled out of the ring cavity through the substrate with a second order distributed feedback grating. The substrate emission scheme allows for epilayer-down bonding, which leads to room temperature continuous wave operation. The far field analysis indicates that the device operates in a high order mode. [reprint (PDF)]
 
3.  High power broad area quantum cascade lasers
Y. Bai, S. Slivken, S.R. Darvish, A. Haddadi, B. Gokden and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 95, No. 22, p. 221104-1-- November 30, 2009 ...[Visit Journal]
Broad area quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) are studied with ridge widths up to 400 µm, in room temperature pulsed mode operation at an emission wavelength around 4.45 µm. The peak output power scales linearly with the ridge width. A maximum total peak output power of 120 W is obtained from a single 400-µm-wide device with a cavity length of 3 mm. A stable far field emission characteristic is observed with dual lobes at ±38° for all tested devices, which suggests that these broad area QCLs are highly resistant to filamentation. [reprint (PDF)]
 
3.  Shortwave quantum cascade laser frequency comb for multi-heterodyne spectroscopy
Q. Y. Lu, S. Manna, D. H. Wu, S. Slivken, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 112, 141104-- April 3, 2018 ...[Visit Journal]
Quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) are versatile light sources with tailorable emitting wavelengths covering the mid-infrared and terahertz spectral ranges. When the dispersion is minimized, frequency combs can be directly emitted from quantum cascade lasers via four-wave mixing. To date, most of the mid-infrared quantum cascade laser combs are operational in a narrow wavelength range wherein the QCL dispersion is minimal. In this work, we address the issue of very high dispersion for shortwave QCLs and demonstrate 1-W dispersion compensated shortwave QCL frequency combs at λ~5.0 μm, spanning a spectral range of 100 cm−1. The multi-heterodyne spectrum exhibits 95 equally spaced frequency comb lines, indicating that the shortwave QCL combs are ideal candidates for high-speed high-resolution spectroscopy [reprint (PDF)]
 
3.  High-power, room-temperature and continuous-wave operation of distributed-feedback quantum-cascade lasers at λ = 4.8 µm
J.S. Yu, S. Slivken, S.R. Darvish, A. Evans, B. Gokden and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, 87 (4)-- July 25, 2005 ...[Visit Journal]
The authors present high-power continuous-wave (cw) operation of distributed-feedback quantum-cascade lasers. Continuous-wave output powers of 56 mW at 25 °C and 15 mW at 40 °C are obtained. Single-mode emission near 7.8 µm with a side-mode suppression ratio of >=30 dB and a tuning range of 2.83 cm−1 was obtained between 15 and 40 °C. The device exhibits no beam steering with a full width at half maximum of 27.4° at 25 °C in cw mode. [reprint (PDF)]
 
3.  Electrical Transport Properties of Highly Doped N-type GaN Epilayers
H.J. Lee, M.G. Cheong, E.K. Suh, and M. Razeghi
SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA, -- January 28, 1998 ...[Visit Journal]
Temperature-dependent Hall-effects in MOCVD-grown Si-doped GaN epilayers were measured as a function of temperature in the range 10-800 K. The results were satisfactorily analyzed in terms of a two-band model including the (Gamma) and impurity bands at lower temperatures than room. The (Gamma) band electrons are dominant only high temperatures. The ionized impurity scattering is the most important in the (Gamma) band except at very high temperatures. [reprint (PDF)]
 
3.  High Performance Solar-Blind Ultraviolet Focal Plane Arrays Based on AlGaN
Erdem Cicek, Ryan McClintock, Abbas Haddadi, William A. Gaviria Rojas, and Manijeh Razeghi
IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, Vol. 50, Issue 8, p 591-595-- August 1, 2014 ...[Visit Journal]
We report on solar-blind ultraviolet, AlxGa1-x N- based,p-i-n,focal plane array (FPA) with 92% operability. At the peak detection wavelength of 278 nm, 320×256-FP A-pixel showed unbiased peak external quantum efficiency (EQE) and responsivity of 49% and 109 mA/W, respectively, increasing to 66% under 5 volts of reverse bias. Electrical measurements yielded a low-dark current density: <7×10-9A/cm², at FPA operating voltage of 2 volts of reverse bias. [reprint (PDF)]
 
3.  Use of Yttria-Stabilised Zirconia Substrates for Zinc Oxide Mediated Epitaxial Lift-off of Superior Yttria-Stabilised Zirconia Thin Films
D. J. Rogers, T. Maroutian, V. E. Sandana, P. Lecoeur, F. H. Teherani, P. Bove and M. Razeghi
Proc. of SPIE Vol. 12887, Oxide-based Materials and Devices XV, 128870P 2024, San Francisco),doi: 10.1117/12.3023431 ...[Visit Journal]
ZnO layers were grown on (100) and (111) oriented YSZ substrates by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). X-ray diffraction studies revealed growth of wurtzite ZnO with strong preferential (0002) orientation. The ZnO layer on YSZ (111) showed distinct Pendellosung fringes and a more pronounced c-axis orientation (rocking curve of 0.08°). Atomic force microscopy revealed RMS roughnesses of 0.7 and 2.2nm for the ZnO on the YSZ (111) and YSZ (100), respectively. YSZ was then grown on the ZnO buffered YSZ (111) substrate by PLD. XRD revealed that the YSZ overlayer grew with a strong preferential (111) orientation. The YSZ/ZnO/YSZ (111) top surface was temporary bonded to an Apiezon wax carrier and the sample was immersed in 0.1M HCl so as to preferentially etch/dissolve away the ZnO underlayer and release the YSZ from the substrate. XRD revealed only the characteristic (111) peak of YSZ after lift-off and thus confirmed both the dissolution of the ZnO and the preservation of the crystallographic integrity of the YSZ on the wax carrier. Optical and Atomic Force Microscopy revealed some buckling, roughening and cracking of the lifted YSZ, however. XRD suggested that this may have been due to compressive epitaxial strain release. [reprint (PDF)]
 
3.  Very high wall plug efficiency of quantum cascade lasers
Y. Bai, S. Slivken, S.R. Darvish, and M. Razeghi
SPIE Proceedings, San Francisco, CA (January 22-28, 2010), Vol. 7608, p. 76080F-1-- January 22, 2010 ...[Visit Journal]
We demonstrate very high wall plug efficiency (WPE) of mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) in low temperature pulsed mode operation (53%), room temperature pulsed mode operation (23%), and room temperature continuous wave operation (18%). All of these values are the highest to date for any QCLs. The optimization of WPE takes the route of understanding the limiting factors of each sub-efficiency, exploring new designs to overcome the limiting factor, and constantly improving the material quality. [reprint (PDF)]
 
3.  Demonstration of 256x256 Focal Plane Arrays Based on Al-free GaInAs/InP QWIP
J. Jiang, K. Mi, R. McClintock, M. Razeghi, G.J. Brown, and C. Jelen
IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 15 (9)-- September 1, 2003 ...[Visit Journal]
We report the first demonstration of an infrared focal plane array based on aluminum-free GaInAs-InP quantum-well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs).A unique positive lithography method was developed to perform indium-bump liftoff. The noise equivalent differential temperature (NEΔT) of 29 mK was achieved at 70 K with f/2 optics. [reprint (PDF)]
 
2.  Type-II superlattice photodetectors for MWIR to VLWIR focal plane arrays
M. Razeghi, Y. Wei, A. Hood, D. Hoffman, B.M. Nguyen, P.Y. Delaunay, E. Michel and R. McClintock
SPIE Infrared Technology and Applications Conference, April 17-21, 2006, Orlando, FL Proceedings – Infrared Technology and Applications XXXII, Vol. 6206, p. 62060N-1-- April 21, 2006 ...[Visit Journal]
Results obtained on GaSb/InAs Type-II superlattices have shown performance comparable to HgCdTe detectors, with the promise of higher performance due to reduced Auger recombination and dark current through improvements in device design and material quality. In this paper, we discuss advancements in Type-II IR sensors that cover the 3 to > 30 µm wavelength range. Specific topics covered will be device design and modeling using the Empirical Tight Binding Method (ETBM), material growth and characterization, device fabrication and testing, as well as focal plane array processing and imaging. Imaging has been demonstrated at room temperature for the first time with a 5 µm cutoff wavelength 256×256 focal plane array. [reprint (PDF)]
 
2.  Solar-blind photodetectors based on Ga2O3 and III-nitrides
Ryan McClintock; Alexandre Jaud; Lakshay Gautam; Manijeh Razeghi
Proc. SPIE 11288, Quantum Sensing and Nano Electronics and Photonics XVII, 1128803-- January 31, 2020 ...[Visit Journal]
Recently, there has been a surge of interest in the wide bandgap semiconductors for solar blind photo detectors (SBPD). This work presents our recent progress in the growth/doping of AlGaN and Ga2O3 thin films for solar blind detection applications. Both of these thin films grown are grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) in the same Aixtron MOCVD system. Solar-blind metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors were fabricated with Ga2O3. Spectral responsivity studies of the MSM photodetectors revealed a peak at 261 nm and a maximum EQE of 41.7% for a −2.5 V bias. We have also demonstrated AlGaN based solar-blind avalanche photodiodes with a gain in excess of 57,000 at ~100 volts of reverse bias. This gain can be attributed to avalanche multiplication of the photogenerated carriers within the device. Both of these devices show the potential of wide bandgap semiconductors for solar blind photo detectors. [reprint (PDF)]
 
2.  Quantum Dot Infrared Photodetectors: Comparison Experiment and Theory
H. Lim, W. Zhang, S. Tsao, T. Sills, J. Szafraniec, K. Mi, B. Movaghar, and M. Razeghi
Physical Review B, 72-- August 17, 2005 ...[Visit Journal]
We present data and calculations and examine the factors that determine the detectivities in self-assembled InAs and InGaAs based quantum dot infrared photodetectors (QDIPs). We investigate a class of devices that combine good wavelength selectivity with “high detectivity.” We study the factors that limit the temperature performance of quantum dot detectors. For this we develop a formalism to evaluate the optical absorption and the electron transport properties. We examine the performance limiting factors and compare theory with experimental data. We find that the notion of a phonon bottleneck does not apply to large-diameter lenslike quantum dots, which have many closely spaced energy levels. The observed strong decrease of responsivity with temperature is ultimately due to a rapid thermal cascade back into the ground states. High temperature performance is improved by engineering the excited state to be near the continuum. The good low temperature (77 K) performance in strongly bound QDIPs is shown to be due to the high gain and the low noise achievable in these micron size devices. [reprint (PDF)]
 

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