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5.  High power InAsSb/InPAsSb/InAs mid-infrared lasers
A. Rybaltowski, Y. Xiao, D. Wu, B. Lane, H. Yi, H. Feng, J. Diaz, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 71 (17)-- October 27, 1997 ...[Visit Journal]
We demonstrate high-power InAsSb/InPAsSb laser bars (λ ≈ 3.2 μm) consisting of three 100 μm-wide laser stripes of 700 μm cavity length, with peak output power up to 3 W at 90 K, and far-fields for the direction perpendicular to the junction as narrow as 12° full width half maximum. Spectra and far-field patterns of the laser bars are shown to have excellent characteristics for a wide range of operating conditions, suggesting the possibility of even higher light power emission with good beam quality. Joule heating is shown to be the major factor limiting higher power operation. [reprint (PDF)]
 
5.  ZnO nanorod electrodes for hydrogen evolution and storage
Harinipriya, S.; Usmani, B.; Rogers, D. J.; Sandana, V. E.; Teherani, F. Hosseini; Lusson, A.; Bove, P.; Drouhin, H.-J.; Razeghi, M.
Proc. SPIE 8263, Oxide-based Materials and Devices III, 82631Y (February 9, 2012)-- February 9, 2012 ...[Visit Journal]
Due to the attractive combination of a relatively high specific heat of combustion with a large specific energy capacity, molecular hydrogen (H2) is being investigated for use as an alternative to fossil fuels. Energy-efficient H2 production and safe storage remain key technical obstacles to implementation of an H2 based economy, however. ZnO has been investigated for use as an alternative photocatalytic electrode to TiO2 for solarpowered photo-electro-chemical (PEC) electrolysis, in which H2 is generated by direct water splitting in a cell with a metal cathode and a semiconducting anode. In this investigation, ZnO NR grown on Si (100) substrates by pulsed laser deposition were investigated for use as electrodes in the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER). The electrochemical potential and Fermi energy of the ZnO NR were estimated from the electrochemical current density in acid and alkaline solutions via phenomenological thermodynamic analysis. As well as acting as an effective electrocalytic cathode, the ZnO NR appear to operate as a hydrogen reservoir. These results indicate that the ZnO NR have excellent potential for the storage of evolved H2. [reprint (PDF)]
 
4.  Demonstration of type-II superlattice MWIR minority carrier unipolar imager for high operation temperature application
Guanxi Chen, Abbas Haddadi, Anh-Minh Hoang, Romain Chevallier, and Manijeh Razeghi
Optics Letters Vol. 40, Iss. 1, pp. 29–32-- December 18, 2014 ...[Visit Journal]
An InAs/GaSb type-II superlattice-based mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) 320×256 unipolar focal plane array (FPA) using pMp architecture exhibited excellent infrared image from 81 to 150 K and ∼98% operability, which illustrated the possibility for high operation temperature application. At 150 K and −50  mV operation bias, the 27 μm pixels exhibited dark current density to be 1.2×10−5  A/cm², with 50% cutoff wavelength of 4.9 μm, quantum efficiency of 67% at peak responsivity (4.6 μm), and specific detectivity of 1.2×1012 Jones. At 90 K and below, the 27 μm pixels exhibited system limited dark current density, which is below 1×10−9  A/cm², and specific detectivity of 1.5×1014 Jones. From 81 to 100 K, the FPA showed ∼11  mK NEDT by using F/2.3 optics and a 9.69 ms integration time. [reprint (PDF)]
 
4.  EPR Investigations of a Structural Phase Change in Lead Phosphate
M. RAZEGHI
M. RAZEGHI: EPR Investigations of a Structural Phase Change phys. stat. sol. (b) 108, 175 (1981)-- November 1, 1981 ...[Visit Journal]
The temperature dependence of the EPR line width of the Mn2+ and Gd3+ in Pb3(PO4)2 is investigated from -270 to 500 °C. At the first-order ferroelastic transition point (180 °C), an abrupt change in the fine-structure splitting as well as in the resonance line width is observed. Various contributions to fine structure D and E parameters of Mn2+ and Gd3+ are computed, using a point-multipole model. For temperatures near to Tc the correlation time of the fluctuations is estimated to be greater than 10−9. [reprint (PDF)]
 
4.  Investigation of impurities in type-II InAs/GaSb superlattices via capacitance-voltage measurement
G. Chen, A. M. Hoang, S. Bogdanov, A. Haddadi, P. R. Bijjam, B.-M. Nguyen, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 103, 033512 (2013)-- July 17, 2013 ...[Visit Journal]
Capacitance-voltage measurement was utilized to characterize impurities in the non-intentionally doped region of Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice p-i-n photodiodes. Ionized carrier concentration versus temperature dependence revealed the presence of a kind of defects with activation energy below 6 meV and a total concentration of low 1015 cm−3. Correlation between defect characteristics and superlattice designs was studied. The defects exhibited a p-type behavior with decreasing activation energy as the InAs thickness increased from 7 to 11 monolayers, while maintaining the GaSb thickness of 7 monolayers. With 13 monolayers of InAs, the superlattice became n-type and the activation energy deviated from the p-type trend. [reprint (PDF)]
 
4.  Bias–selectable nBn dual–band long–/very long–wavelength infrared photodetectors based on InAs/InAsSb/AlAsSb type–II superlattices
Abbas Haddadi, Arash Dehzangi, Romain Chevallier, Sourav Adhikary, & Manijeh Razeghi
Nature Scientific Reports 7, Article number: 3379-- June 13, 2017 ...[Visit Journal]
Type–II superlattices (T2SLs) are a class of artificial semiconductors that have demonstrated themselves as a viable candidate to compete with the state–of–the–art mercury–cadmium–telluride material system in the field of infrared detection and imaging. Within type–II superlattices, InAs/InAs1−xSbx T2SLs have been shown to have a significantly longer minority carrier lifetime. However, demonstration of high–performance dual–band photodetectors based on InAs/InAs1−xSbx T2SLs in the long and very long wavelength infrared (LWIR & VLWIR) regimes remains challenging. We report the demonstration of high–performance bias–selectable dual–band long–wavelength infrared photodetectors based on new InAs/InAsSb/AlAsSb type–II superlattice design. Our design uses two different bandgap absorption regions separated by an electron barrier that blocks the transport of majority carriers to reduce the dark current density of the device. As the applied bias is varied, the device exhibits well–defined cut–off wavelengths of either ∼8.7 or ∼12.5 μm at 77 K. This bias–selectable dual–band photodetector is compact, with no moving parts, and will open new opportunities for multi–spectral LWIR and VLWIR imaging and detection. [reprint (PDF)]
 
4.  Investigations on the substrate dependence of the properties in nominally-undoped β-Ga2O3 thin films grown by PLD
F. H. Teherani ; D. J. Rogers ; V. E. Sandana ; P. Bove ; C. Ton-That ; L. L. C. Lem ; E. Chikoidze ; M. Neumann-Spallart ; Y. Dumont ; T. Huynh ; M. R. Phillips ; P. Chapon ; R. McClintock ; M. Razeghi
Proc. SPIE 10105, Oxide-based Materials and Devices VIII, 101051R-OLD-- March 23, 2017 ...[Visit Journal]
Nominally-undoped Ga2O3 layers were deposited on a-, c- and r-plane sapphire substrates using pulsed laser deposition. Conventional x-ray diffraction analysis for films grown on a- and c-plane sapphire showed the layers to be in the β-Ga2O3 phase with preferential orientation of the (-201) axis along the growth direction. Pole figures revealed the film grown on r-plane sapphire to also be in the β-Ga2O3 phase but with epitaxial offsets of 29.5°, 38.5° and 64° from the growth direction for the (-201) axis. Optical transmission spectroscopy indicated that the bandgap was ~5.2eV, for all the layers and that the transparency was > 80% in the visible wavelength range. Four point collinear resistivity and Van der Pauw based Hall measurements revealed the β-Ga2O3 layer on r-plane sapphire to be 4 orders of magnitude more conducting than layers grown on a- and c-plane sapphire under similar conditions. The absolute values of conductivity, carrier mobility and carrier concentration for the β-Ga2O3 layer on r-sapphire (at 20Ω-1.cm-1, 6 cm²/Vs and 1.7 x 1019 cm-3, respectively) all exceeded values found in the literature for nominally-undoped β-Ga2O3 thin films by at least an order of magnitude. Gas discharge optical emission spectroscopy compositional depth profiling for common shallow donor impurities (Cl, F, Si and Sn) did not indicate any discernable increase in their concentrations compared to background levels in the sapphire substrate. It is proposed that the fundamentally anisotropic conductivity in β-Ga2O3 combined with the epitaxial offset of the (-201) axis observed for the layer grown on r-plane sapphire may explain the much larger carrier concentration, electrical conductivity and mobility compared with layers having the (-201) axis aligned along the growth direction. [reprint (PDF)]
 
4.  Type-II InAs/GaSb photodiodes and focal plane arrays aimed at high operating temperatures
M. Razeghi, S. Abdollahi Pour, E.K. Huang, G. Chen, A. Haddadi, and B.M. Nguyen
Opto-Electronics Review (OER), Vol. 19, No. 3, June 2011, p. 46-54-- June 1, 2011 ...[Visit Journal]
Recent efforts to improve the performance of type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes and focal plane arrays (FPA) have been reviewed. The theoretical bandstructure models have been discussed first. A review of recent developments in growth and characterization techniques is given. The efforts to improve the performance of MWIR photodiodes and focal plane arrays (FPAs) have been reviewed and the latest results have been reported. It is shown that these improvements has resulted in background limited performance (BLIP) of single element photodiodes up to 180 K. FPA shows a constant noise equivalent temperature difference (NEDT) of 11 mK up to 120 K and it shows human body imaging up to 170 K. [reprint (PDF)]
 
4.  High performance antimony based type-II superlattice photodiodes on GaAs substrates
B.M. Nguyen, D. Hoffman, E.K. Huang, P.Y. Delaunay, and M. Razeghi
SPIE Porceedings, Vol. 7298, Orlando, FL 2009, p. 72981T-- April 13, 2009 ...[Visit Journal]
In recent years, Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattices grown on GaSb substrate have achieved significant advances in both structural design and material growth, making Type-II superlattice infrared detector a rival competitor to the state-of-the-art MCT technology. However, the limited size and strong infrared absorption of GaSb substrates prevent large format type-II superlattice infrared imagers from being realized. In this work, we demonstrate type-II superlattices grown on GaAs substrates, which is a significant step toward third generation infrared imaging at low cost. The device performances of Type-II superalttice photodetectors grown on these two substrates are compared. [reprint (PDF)]
 
4.  Recent advances in high performance antimonide-based superlattice FPAs
E.K. Huang, B.M. Nguyen, S.R. Darvish, S. Abdollahi Pour, G. Chen, A. Haddadi, and M.A. Hoang
SPIE Proceedings, Infrared technology and Applications XXXVII, Orlando, FL, Vol. 8012, p. 80120T-1-- April 25, 2011 ...[Visit Journal]
Infrared detection technologies entering the third generation demand performances for higher detectivity, higher operating temperature, higher resolution and multi-color detection, all accomplished with better yield and lower manufacturing/operating costs. Type-II antimonide based superlattices (T2SL) are making firm steps toward the new era of focal plane array imaging as witnessed in the unique advantages and significant progress achieved in recent years. In this talk, we will present the four research themes towards third generation imagers based on T2SL at the Center for Quantum Devices. High performance LWIR megapixel focal plane arrays (FPAs) are demonstrated at 80K with an NEDT of 23.6 mK using f/2 optics, an integration time of 0.13 ms and a 300 K background. MWIR and LWIR FPAs on non-native GaAs substrates are demonstrated as a proof of concept for the cost reduction and mass production of this technology. In the MWIR regime, progress has been made to elevate the operating temperature of the device, in order to avoid the burden of liquid nitrogen cooling. We have demonstrated a quantum efficiency above 50%, and a specific detectivity of 1.05x1012 cm·Hz1/2/W at 150 K for 4.2 μm cut-off single element devices. Progress on LWIR/LWIR dual color FPAs as well as novel approaches for FPA fabrication will also be discussed. [reprint (PDF)]
 
4.  High-speed free-space optical communications based on quantum cascade lasers and type-II superlattice detectors
Stephen M. Johnson; Emily Dial; M. Razeghi
Proc. SPIE 11288, Quantum Sensing and Nano Electronics and Photonics XVII, 1128814-- January 31, 2020 ...[Visit Journal]
Free-space optical communications (FSOC) is a promising avenue for point-to-point, high-bandwidth, and high-security communication links. It has the potential to solve the “last mile” problem modern communication systems face, allowing for high-speed communication links without the expensive and expansive infrastructure required by fiber optic and wireless technologies 1 . Although commercial FSOC systems currently exist, due to their operation in the near infrared and short infrared ranges, they are necessarily limited by atmospheric absorption and scattering losses 2 . Mid-infrared (MWIR) wavelengths are desirable for free space communications systems because they have lower atmospheric scattering losses compared to near-infrared communication links. This leads to increased range and link uptimes. Since this portion of the EM spectrum is unlicensed, link establishment can be implemented quickly. Quantum cascade lasers (QCL) are ideal FSOC transmitters because their emission wavelength is adjustable to MWIR 3 . Compared to the typical VCSEL and laser diodes used in commercial NIR and SWIR FSOC systems, however, they require increased threshold and modulation currents 4 . Receivers based on type-II superlattice (T2SL) detectors are desired in FSOC for their low dark current, high temperature operation, and band gap tunable to MWIR 5. In this paper, we demonstrate the implementation of a high-speed FSOC system using a QCL and a T2SL detector. [reprint (PDF)]
 
4.  High-performance short-wavelength infrared photodetectors based on type-II InAs/InAs1-xSbx/AlAs1-xSbx superlattices
M. Razeghi, A. Haddadi, X. V. Suo, S. Adhikary, P. Dianat, R. Chevallier, A. M. Hoang, A. Dehzangi
Proc. SPIE 9819, Infrared Technology and Applications XLII, 98190A -- May 20, 2016 ...[Visit Journal]
We present a high-performance short-wavelength infrared n-i-p photodiode, whose structure is based on type-II superlattices with InAs/InAs1-xSbx/AlAs1-xSbx on GaSb substrate. At room temperature (300K) with front-side illumination, the device shows the peak responsivity of 0.47 A/W at 1.6mm, corresponding to 37% quantum efficiency at zero bias. At 300K, the device has a 50% cut-off wavelength of ~1.8mm. For −50mV applied bias at 300 K the photodetector has dark current density of 9.6x10-5 A/cm² and RxA of 285 Ω•cm², and it revealed a detectivity of 6.45x1010 cm•Hz½/W. Dark current density reached to 1.3x10-8 A/cm² at 200 K, with 36% quantum efficiency which leads to the detectivity value of 5.66x1012 cm•Hz½/W. [reprint (PDF)]
 
4.  Recent advances in antimonide-based gap-engineered Type-II superlattices material system for 2 and 3 colors infrared imagers
Manijeh. Razeghi, Abbas Haddadi, Arash Dehzangi, Romain Chevallier, and Thomas Yang
Proceedings of SPIE 10177, Infrared Technology and Applications XLIII, 1017705-- May 9, 2017 ...[Visit Journal]
InAs/InAs1-xSbx/AlAs1-xSbx type-II superlattices (T2SLs) is a system of multi-interacting quantum wells. Since its introduction, this material system has drawn a lot of attention especially for infrared detection. In recent years, InAs/InAs1- xSbx/AlAs1-xSbx T2SL material system has experienced incredible improvements in material quality, device structure designs and device fabrication process which elevated the performances of T2SL-based photodetectors to a comparable level to the state-of-the-art material systems for infrared detection such as Mercury Cadmium Telluride (MCT). In this paper, we will present the current status of InAs/InAs1-xSbx/AlAs1-xSbx T2SL-based photodetectors for detection in different infrared regions, from short-wavelength (SWIR) to long-wavelength (LWIR) infrared, and the future outlook of this material system. [reprint (PDF)]
 
4.  Nanoselective area growth of defect-free thick indium-rich InGaN nanostructures on sacrificial ZnO templates
Renaud Puybaret, David J Rogers, Youssef El Gmili, Suresh Sundaram, Matthew B Jordan, Xin Li, Gilles Patriarche, Ferechteh H Teherani, Eric V Sandana, Philippe Bove, Paul L Voss, Ryan McClintock, Manijeh Razeghi, Ian Ferguson, Jean-Paul Salvestrini, and Abdallah Ougazzade
Nanotechnology 28 195304-- April 29, 2017 ...[Visit Journal]
Nanoselective area growth (NSAG) by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy of high-quality InGaN nanopyramids on GaN-coated ZnO/c-sapphire is reported. Nanopyramids grown on epitaxial low-temperature GaN-on-ZnO are uniform and appear to be single crystalline, as well as free of dislocations and V-pits. They are also indium-rich (with homogeneous 22% indium incorporation) and relatively thick (100 nm). These properties make them comparable to nanostructures grown on GaN and AlN/Si templates, in terms of crystallinity, quality, morphology, chemical composition and thickness. Moreover, the ability to selectively etch away the ZnO allows for the potential lift-off and transfer of the InGaN/GaN nanopyramids onto alternative substrates, e.g. cheaper and/or flexible. This technology offers an attractive alternative to NSAG on AlN/Si as a platform for the fabrication of high quality, thick and indium-rich InGaN monocrystals suitable for cheap, flexible and tunable light-emitting diodes. [reprint (PDF)]
 
4.  Monolithic terahertz source
Q. Y. Lu, N. Bandyopadhyay, S. Slivken, Y. Bai and M. Razeghi
Nature Photonics | Research Highlights -- July 31, 2014 ...[Visit Journal]
To date, the production of continuous-wave terahertz (THz) sources based on intracavity difference-frequency generation from mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers operating at room temperature has proved elusive. A critical problem is that, to achieve a large nonlinear susceptibility for frequency conversion, the active region of the quantum cascade laser requires high doping, which elevates the lasing threshold current density. Now, Quan-Yong Lu and colleagues from Northwestern University in the USA have overcome this problem and demonstrated a room-temperature continuous-wave THz source based on difference-frequency generation in quantum cascade lasers. They designed quantum-well structures based on In0.53Ga0.47As/In0.52Al0.48As material system for two mid-infrared wavelengths. The average doping in the active region was about 2.5 × 1016 cm−3. A buried ridge, buried composite distributed-feedback waveguide with the Čerenkov phase-matching scheme was used to reduce the waveguide loss and enhance heat dissipation. As a result, single-mode emission at 3.6 THz was observed at 293 K. The continuous-wave THz power reached 3 μW with a conversion efficiency of 0.44 mW W−2 from mid-infrared to THz waves. Using a similar device design, a THz peak power of 1.4 mW was achieved in pulse mode. [reprint (PDF)]
 
4.  High-temperature high-power continuous-wave operation of buried heterostructure quantum-cascade lasers
A. Evans, J.S. Yu, J. David, L. Doris, K. Mi, S. Slivken, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, 84 (3)-- January 19, 2004 ...[Visit Journal]
We report cw operation of buried heterostructure quantum-cascade lasers (λ=6 µm) using a thick electroplated Au top contact layer and epilayer-up bonding on a copper heat sink up to a temperature of 333 K (60 °C). The high cw optical output powers of 446 mW at 293 K, 372 mW at 298 K, and 30 mW at 333 K are achieved with threshold current densities of 2.19, 2.35, and 4.29 kA/cm2 respectively, for a high-reflectivity-coated, 9-µm-wide and 3-mm-long laser [reprint (PDF)]
 
4.  EPR STUDY OF Mn 2. AROUND THE FERROELASTIC TRANSITION POINT OF Pb3(PO4)2
M. Razeghi, B. Houlier and M. Yuste
M. Razeghi et al. EPR STUDY OF Mn 2. AROUND THE FERROELASTIC TRANSITION POINT OF Pb3(PO4)2, Solid State Communications, Vol. 26, pp. 665-668. -- January 26, 1978 ...[Visit Journal]
The spin Hamiltonian parameters of Mn 2÷ have been measured above and below the transition point (180"C) of the lead phosphate. They show that Mn 2+ substitutes a Pbl ion. Between 175 and 180vC the principal axis OX of the fine tensor is parallel to the wave vector of the soft mode which condensates at the transition point. An exaltation of the linewidth is observed. The linewidth remains constant within 50C of Te; in this temperature range, the "static regime" is achieved, and the correlation time of the fluctuations is less than 10 -s sec. [reprint (PDF)]
 
4.  High brightness angled cavity quantum cascade lasers
D. Heydari, Y. Bai, N. Bandyopadhyay, S. Slivken, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 106, 091105-- March 6, 2015 ...[Visit Journal]
A quantum cascade laser (QCL) with an output power of 203 W is demonstrated in pulsed mode at 283 K with an angled cavity. The device has a ridge width of 300 μm, a cavity length of 5.8 mm, and a tilt angle of 12°. The back facet is high reflection coated, and the front facet is anti-reflection coated. The emitting wavelength is around 4.8 μm. In distinct contrast to a straight cavity broad area QCL, the lateral far field is single lobed with a divergence angle of only 3°. An ultrahigh brightness value of 156 MW cm²·sr-1 is obtained, which marks the brightest QCL to date. [reprint (PDF)]
 
4.  Radiative recombination of confined electrons at the MgZnO/ ZnO heterojunction interface
Sumin Choi, David J. Rogers, Eric V. Sandana, Philippe Bove, Ferechteh H. Teherani, Christian Nenstiel, Axel Hoffmann, Ryan McClintock, Manijeh Razeghi, David Look, Angus Gentle, Matthew R. Phillips & Cuong Ton-That
Nature Scientific Reports 7, pp. 7457-- August 7, 2017 ...[Visit Journal]
We investigate the optical signature of the interface in a single MgZnO/ZnO heterojunction, which exhibits two orders of magnitude lower resistivity and 10 times higher electron mobility compared with the MgZnO/Al2O3 film grown under the same conditions. These impressive transport properties are attributed to increased mobility of electrons at the MgZnO/ZnO heterojunction interface. Depthresolved cathodoluminescence and photoluminescence studies reveal a 3.2 eV H-band optical emission from the heterointerface, which exhibits excitonic properties and a localization energy of 19.6 meV. The emission is attributed to band-bending due to the polarization discontinuity at the interface, which leads to formation of a triangular quantum well and localized excitons by electrostatic coupling. [reprint (PDF)]
 
4.  Evaluation of the Band Offsets of GaAs-GaInP Multilayers by Electroreflectance
Razeghi M., D. Yang, J.W. Garland, Z. Zhang, D. Xue
SPIE Proceedings, Vol. 1676, pp. 130-- January 1, 1992 ...[Visit Journal]
We report the first band offset measurement of GaAs/Ga0.51In0.49P multiquantum wells and superlattices by electrolyte electroreflectance spectroscopy. The conduction and valence band discontinuities (Delta) Ec equals 159 ± 4 meV and (Delta) Ev equals 388 ± 6 meV have been measured. The values found for the conduction band, heavy-hole and light-hole masses in the GaInP barriers and GaAs wells and for the split-off well mass are in excellent agreement with the literature. The intraband, intersubband transition energies, which are important for III - V infrared detection devices, also were directly measured. [reprint (PDF)]
 
4.  Anomalous Hall Effect in InSb Layers Grown by MOCVD on GaAs Substrates
C. Besikci, Y.H. Choi, R. Sudharsanan, and M. Razeghi
Journal of Applied Physics 73 (10)-- May 15, 1993 ...[Visit Journal]
InSb epitaxial layers have been grown on GaAs substrates by low‐pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. A 3.15 μm thick film yielded an x‐ray full width at half maximum of 171 arcsec. A Hall mobility of 76  200 cm²/V· s at 240 K and a full width at half maximum of 174 arcsec have been measured for a 4.85 μm thick epilayer. Measured Hall data have shown anomalous behavior. A decrease in Hall mobility with decreasing temperature has been observed and room‐temperature Hall mobility has increased with thickness. In order to explain the anomalous Hall data, and the thickness dependence of the measured parameters, the Hall coefficient and Hall mobility have been simulated using a three‐layer model including a surface layer, a bulklike layer, and an interface layer with a high density of defects. Theoretical analysis has shown that anomalous behavior can be attributed to donor-like defects caused by the large lattice mismatch and to a surface layer which dominates the transport in the material at low temperatures.   [reprint (PDF)]
 
4.  Recent progress of quantum cascade laser research from 3 to 12 μm at the Center for Quantum Devices
MANIJEH RAZEGHI,* WENJIA ZHOU,STEVEN SLIVKEN,QUAN-YONG LU,DONGHAI WU, AND RYAN MCCLINTOC
Applied Optics Vol. 56, No. 31 -- October 10, 2017 ...[Visit Journal]
The quantum cascade laser (QCL) is becoming the leading laser source in the mid-infrared (mid-IR) range, which contains two atmospheric transmission windows and many molecular fingerprint absorption features. Since its first demonstration in 1994, the QCL has undergone tremendous development in terms of the output power, wall plug efficiency, wavelength coverage, tunability and beam quality. At the Center for Quantum Devices, we have demonstrated high-power continuous wave operation of QCLs covering a wide wavelength range from 3 to 12 μm, with power output up to 5.1 W at room temperature. Recent research has resulted in power scaling in pulsed mode with up to 203 W output, electrically tunable QCLs based on monolithic sampled grating design, heterogeneous QCLs with a broad spectral gain, broadly tunable on-chip beam-combined QCLs, QCL-based mid-IR frequency combs, and fundamental mode surface emitting quantum cascade ring lasers. The developed QCLs will be the basis for a number of next-generation spectroscopy and sensing systems. [reprint (PDF)]
 
4.  Pulsed metalorganic chemical vapor deposition of high quality AlN/GaN superlattices for intersubband transitions
C. Bayram, B. Fain, N. Pere-Laperne, R. McClintock and M. Razeghi
SPIE Proceedings, San Jose, CA Volume 7222-12-- January 26, 2009 ...[Visit Journal]
A pulsed metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) technique, specifically designed for high quality AlN/GaN superlattices (SLs) is introduced. Optical quality and precise controllability over layer thicknesses are investigated. Indium is shown to improve interface and surface quality. An AlN/GaN SL designed for intersubband transition at a telecommunication wavelength of ~1.5 µm, is grown, and processed for intersubband (ISB) absorption measurements. Room temperature measurements show intersubband absorption centered at 1.49 µm. Minimal (n-type) silicon doping of the well is shown to be crucial for good ISB absorption characteristics. The potential to extend this technology into the far infrared and even the terahertz (THz) region is also discussed. [reprint (PDF)]
 
4.  Fabrication and characterization of novel hybrid green light emitting didoes based on substituting n-type ZnO for n-type GaN in an inverted p-n junction
C. Bayram, D. Rogers, F. H. Teherani, and M. Razeghi
Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B, Vol. 27, No. 3, May/June, p. 1784-1788-- May 29, 2009 ...[Visit Journal]
Details of the fabrication and characterization of hybrid green light emitting diodes, composed of n-ZnO/(InGaN/GaN) multi-quantum-wells/p-GaN on AlN/sapphire, are reported. Scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscopy, high resolution x-ray diffraction, and photoluminescence were used to study the hybrid device. The effects of solvents, annealing, and etching on n-ZnO are discussed. Successful hybridization of ZnO and (In)GaN into a green light emitting diode was realized. [reprint (PDF)]
 
4.  320x256 Solar-Blind Focal Plane Arrays based on AlxGa1-xN
R. McClintock, K. Mayes, A. Yasan, D. Shiell, P. Kung, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, 86 (1)-- January 3, 2005 ...[Visit Journal]
We report AlGaN-based back-illuminated solar-blind ultraviolet focal plane arrays operating at a wavelength of 280 nm. The electrical characteristics of the individual pixels are discussed, and the uniformity of the array is presented. The p–i–n photodiode array was hybridized to a 320×256 read-out integrated circuit entirely within our university research lab, and a working 320×256 camera was demonstrated. Several example solar-blind images from the camera are also provided. [reprint (PDF)]
 

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