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11.  High-power InGaAsP/GaAs 0.8 μm laser diodes and peculiarities of operational characteristics
J. Diaz, I. Eliashevich, X. He, H. Yi, L. Wang, E. Kolev, D. Garbuzov, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 65 (8)-- August 22, 1994 ...[Visit Journal]
High-power operation of 3 W in pulse mode, 750 mW in quasi-continuous wave and 650 mW in continuous wave per uncoated facet from 100 μm aperture has been demonstrated for 1 mm long cavity InGaAsP/GaAs 808 nm laser diodes prepared by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Threshold current density of 300 A/cm², differential efficiency of 1.1 W/A, T0=155 °C, transverse beam divergence of 27°, and less than 2 nm linewidth at 808 nm have been measured. No degradation has been observed after 1000 h of operation in a quasi-continuous wave regime. [reprint (PDF)]
 
11.  Extended electrical tuning of quantum cascade lasers with digital concatenated gratings
S. Slivken, N. Bandyopadhyay, Y. Bai, Q. Y. Lu, and M. Razeghi
Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 231110 (2013)-- December 6, 2013 ...[Visit Journal]
In this report, the sampled grating distributed feedback laser architecture is modified with digital concatenated gratings to partially compensate for the wavelength dependence of optical gain in a standard high efficiency quantum cascade laser core. This allows equalization of laser threshold over a wide wavelength range and demonstration of wide electrical tuning. With only two control currents, a full tuning range of 500 nm (236 cm−1) has been demonstrated. Emission is single mode, with a side mode suppression of >20 dB. [reprint (PDF)]
 
11.  Characterization and Analysis of Single-Mode High-Power CW Quantum-Cascade Laser
W.W. Bewley, I. Vurgaftman, C.S. Kim, J.R. Meyer, J. Nguyen, A. Evans, J.S. Yu, S.R. Darvish, S. Slivken, and M. Razeghi
Journal of Applied Physics 98-- October 15, 2005 ...[Visit Journal]
We measured and modeled the performance characteristics of a distributed-feedback quantum-cascade laser exhibiting high-power continuous-wave (CW) operation in a single spectral mode at λ~4.8 µm and temperatures up to 333 K. The sidemode suppression ratio exceeds 25 dB, and the emission remains robustly single mode at all currents and temperatures tested. CW output powers of 99 mW at 298 K and 357 mW at 200 K are obtained at currents well below the thermal rollover point. The slope efficiency and subthreshold amplified spontaneous emission spectra are shown to be consistent with a coupling coefficient of no more than κL ~ 4–5, which is substantially lower than the estimate of 9 based on the nominal grating fabrication parameters. [reprint (PDF)]
 
11.  GaInAsP/InP 1.35 μm Double Heterostructure Laser Grown on Silicon Substrate by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition
K. Mobarhan, C. Jelen, E. Kolev, and M. Razeghi
Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1)-- July 1, 1993 ...[Visit Journal]
A 1.35 μm GaInAsP/InP double heterostructure laser has been grown on a Si substrate using low‐pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. This was done without the use of a superlattice layer or a very thick InP buffer layer, which are used to prevent the dislocations from spreading into the active layer. Pulsed operation with output power of over 200 mW per facet was achieved at room temperature for broad area lasers with 20 μm width and 170 μm cavity length. The threshold current density of a 350 μm cavity length device was 9.8 kA/cm². The characteristic temperature was 66 K. [reprint (PDF)]
 
11.  Persistent photoconductivity in Ga0.49In0.51P/GaAs heterojunctions
S. Ben Amor; L. Dmowski; J. C. Portal; N. J. Pulsford; R. J. Nicholas; J. Singleton; M. Razeghi
J. Appl. Phys. 65, 2756–2760 (1989-- November 18, 1988 ...[Visit Journal]
We have studied the persistent photoconductivity (PPC) effect in Ga0.49 Ino. sl P IGaAs heterostructures. Through time- and temperature-dependent Hall effect, we observe very small relaxation rates and the PPC remains observable at room temperature. Optical experiments show an optical energy threshold of 1.15 e V and an infrared quenching of the ppc. Thermal cycling of the samples strongly affects the PPC and the quenching temperature. The center responsible for the observed PPC, therefore, appears related to defects, Most of our observations are qualitatively understood in a large lattice relaxation DX-like center approach. However, the origin of the high quenching temperature remains to be explained. [reprint (PDF)]
 
11.  High‐quality GaAs/Ga0.49In0.51P superlattices grown on GaAs and silicon substrates by low‐pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition Available
M. Razeghi; Ph. Maurel; F. Omnes; M. Defour; C. Boothroyd; W. M. Stobbs; M. Kelly
J. Appl. Phys. 63, 4511–4514 (1988) -- May 1, 1988 ...[Visit Journal]
We report the successful growth of Ga0.49 Iuo.5 ! P-GaAs superlattices on GaAs and Si substrates by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The high quality of the structure grown on GaAs and silicon substrates has been evidenced by transmission electron microscopy photographs, that show very sharp interfaces between GaAs wells and Gao.49InO.51 P barriers, with perfect control of thicknesses and compositions. Classical Hall measurements performed on the sample further demonstrated the presence of a twodimensional electron ga.<; with a mobility at T = 4 K , fL (4 K) = 50000 cm2 1V Is, and a carrier concentration n _ (4 K) = 2,9 X 1011 em -2. GaAs/Gao.49 InO. 51 P superlattices have been used, as well as buffer layer in order to grow GaAs on silicon substrates. Mirrorlike single-crystal GaAs has thus been obtained. A GaInP IGaAs heterostructure with electron HaH mobility as high as 6000 cm2 /V Is at 300 K and 80000 cm2 /V Is at 4 K has been grown, which is the highest mobility that has yet been reported for these materials, [reprint (PDF)]
 
11.  Reliability of strain-balanced Ga0.331In0.669As/Al0.659In0.341As/InP quantum-cascade lasers under continuous-wave room-temperature operation
A. Evans and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, 88 (26)-- June 26, 2006 ...[Visit Journal]
Constant current aging is reported for two randomly selected high-reflectivity-coated QCLs with an output power over 100 mW. QCLs are tested under continuous-wave operation at a heat sink temperature of 298 K(25 °C) corresponding to an internal temperature of 378 K (105 °C). Over 4000 h of continuous testing is reported without any decrease in output power. [reprint (PDF)]
 
11.  Demonstration of Planar Type-II Superlattice-Based Photodetectors Using Silicon Ion-Implantation
Arash Dehzangi, Donghai Wu, Ryan McClintock, Jiakai Li, Alexander Jaud and Manijeh Razeghi
Photonics 2020, 7(3), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics7030068-- September 3, 2020 ...[Visit Journal]
In this letter, we report the demonstration of a pBn planar mid-wavelength infrared photodetectors based on type-II InAs/InAs1−xSbx superlattices, using silicon ion-implantation to isolate the devices. At 77 K the photodetectors exhibited peak responsivity of 0.76 A/W at 3.8 µm, corresponding to a quantum efficiency, without anti-reflection coating, of 21.5% under an applied bias of +40 mV with a 100% cut-off wavelength of 4.6 µm. With a dark current density of 5.21 × 10−6 A/cm2, under +40 mV applied bias and at 77 K, the photodetector exhibited a specific detectivity of 4.95 × 1011 cm·Hz1/2/W. [reprint (PDF)]
 
11.  Very Long Wavelength Infrared Type-II Detectors Operating at 80K
H. Mohseni, A. Tahraoui, J. Wojkowski, M. Razeghi, G.J. Brown, W.C. Mitchel, and Y.S. Park
Applied Physics Letters 77 (11)-- September 11, 2000 ...[Visit Journal]
We report a demonstration of very long wavelength infrared detectors based on InAs/GaSb superlattices operating at T = 80 K. Detector structures with excellent material quality were grown on an optimized GaSb buffer layer on GaAs semi-insulating substrates. Photoconductive devices with 50% cutoff wavelength of λc = 17  μm showed a peak responsivity of about 100 mA/W at T = 80  K. Devices with 50% cutoff wavelengths up to λc = 22  μm were demonstrated at this temperature. Good uniformity was obtained over large areas even for the devices with very long cutoff wavelengths. [reprint (PDF)]
 
11.  GaInN/GaN Multi-Quantum Well Laser Diodes Grown by Low-Pressure Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition
P. Kung, A. Saxler, D. Walker, A. Rybaltowski, X. Zhang, J. Diaz, and M. Razeghi
MRS Internet Journal of Nitride Semiconductor Research 3 (1)-- January 1, 1998 ...[Visit Journal]
We report the growth, fabrication and characterization of GaInN/GaN multi-quantum well lasers grown on (00·1) sapphire substrates by low pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The threshold current density of a 1800 µm long cavity length laser was 1.4 kA/cm² with a threshold voltage of 25 V. These lasers exhibited series resistances of 13 and 14 Ω at 300 and 79 K, respectively. [reprint (PDF)]
 
11.  Structural and compositional characterization of MOVPE GaN thin films transferred from sapphire to glass substrates using chemical lift-off and room temperature direct wafer bonding and GaN wafer scale MOVPE growth on ZnO-buffered sapphire
S. Gautier, T. Moudakir, G. Patriarche, D.J. Rogers, V.E. Sandana, F. Hosseini Teherani, P. Bove, Y. El Gmili, K. Pantzas, Suresh Sundaram, D. Troadec, P.L. Voss, M. Razeghi, A. Ougazzaden
Journal of Crystal Growth, Volume 370, Pages 63-67 (2013)-- May 1, 2013 ...[Visit Journal]
GaN thin films were grown on ZnO/c-Al2O3 with excellent uniformity over 2 in. diameter wafers using a low temperature/pressure MOVPE process with N2 as a carrier and dimethylhydrazine as an N source. 5 mm×5 mm sections of similar GaN layers were direct-fusion-bonded onto soda lime glass substrates after chemical lift-off from the sapphire substrates. X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy confirmed the bonding of crack-free wurtzite GaN films onto a glass substrate with a very good quality of interface, i.e. continuous/uniform adherence and absence of voids or particle inclusions. Using this approach, (In) GaN based devices can be lifted-off expensive single crystal substrates and bonded onto supports with a better cost-performance profile. Moreover, the approach offers the possibility of reclaiming the expensive sapphire substrate so it can be utilized again for growth. [reprint (PDF)]
 
11.  Hybrid green LEDs based on n-ZnO/(InGaN/GaN) multi-quantum-wells/p-GaN
C. Bayram, F. Hosseini Teherani, D.J. Rogers and M. Razeghi
SPIE Proceedings, San Jose, CA Volume 7217-0P-- January 26, 2009 ...[Visit Journal]
Hybrid green light-emitting diodes (LEDs) comprised of n-ZnO/(InGaN/GaN) multi-quantum-wells/p-GaN were grown on semi-insulating AlN/sapphire using pulsed laser deposition for the n-ZnO and metal organic chemical vapor deposition for the other layers. X-ray diffraction revealed that high crystallographic quality was preserved after the n- ZnO growth. LEDs showed a turn-on voltage of 2.5 V and a room temperature electroluminescence (EL) centered at 510 nm. A blueshift and narrowing of the EL peak with increasing current was attributed to bandgap renormalization. The results indicate that hybrid LED structures could hold the prospect for the development of green LEDs with superior performance. [reprint (PDF)]
 
11.  High-performance, continuous-wave quantum-cascade lasers operating up to 85° C at λ ~ 8.8 μm
J.S. Yu, S. Slivken, A. Evans, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing, Vo. 93, No. 2, p. 405-408-- November 1, 2008 ...[Visit Journal]
High-temperature, high-power, and continuous-wave (CW) operation of quantum-cascade lasers with 35 active/injector stages at λ∼8.85 μm above room temperature is achieved without using a buried heterostructure. At this long wavelength, the use of a wider ridge waveguide in an epilayer-down bonding scheme leads to a superior performance of the laser. For a high-reflectivity-coated 21 μm×3 mm laser, the output power of 237 mW and the threshold current density of 1.44 kA·cm-2 at 298 K under CW mode are obtained with a maximum wall-plug efficiency of 1.7%. Further improvements were observed by using a 4-mm-long cavity. The device exhibits 294 mW of output power at 298 K and it operates at a high temperature, even up to 358 K (85°C). The full widths at half-maximum of the laser beam in CW operation for the parallel and the perpendicular far-field patterns are 25°and 63°, respectively. [reprint (PDF)]
 
11.  Gain-length scaling in quantum dot/quantum well infrared photodetectors
T. Yamanaka, B. Movaghar, S. Tsao, S. Kuboya, A. Myzaferi and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 95, No. 9-- August 31, 2009 ...[Visit Journal]
The gain in quantum dot/quantum well infrared photodetectors is investigated. The scaling of the gain with device length has been analyzed, and the behavior agrees with the previously proposed model. We conclude that we understand the gain in the low bias region, but in the high field region, discrepancies remain. An extension of the gain model is presented to cover the very high electric field region. The high field data are compared to the extended model and discussed. [reprint (PDF)]
 
11.  Optical losses of Al-free lasers for λ = 0.808 and 0.98 μm
H. Yi, J. Diaz, B. Lane, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 69 (20)-- November 11, 1996 ...[Visit Journal]
In this work, we study the origin of the optical losses in Al‐free InGaAsP/GaAs (λ=0.808 μm) and InGaAs/GaAs/InGaP (λ=0.980 μm) lasers. Theoretical modeling and the experimental results indicate that the scattering of the laser beam by refractive index fluctuation in the alloys is the dominant loss in our lasers, and the loss due to the free‐carrier absorption and scattering by interface roughness are negligible. [reprint (PDF)]
 
11.  Responsivity and Noise Performance of InGaAs/InP Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors
C. Jelen, S. Slivken, T. David, G. Brown, and M. Razeghi
SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA, -- January 28, 1998 ...[Visit Journal]
Dark current nose measurements were carried out between 10 and 104 Hz at T = 80K on two InGaAs/InP quantum well IR photo detectors (QWIPs) designed for 8 μm IR detection. Using the measured noise data, we have calculated the thermal generation rate, bias-dependent gain, electron trapping probability, and electron diffusion length. The calculated thermal generation rate is similar to AlGaAs/GaAs QWIPs with similar peak wavelengths, but the gain is 50X larger, indicating improved transport and carrier lifetime are obtained in the binary InP barriers. As a result, a large responsivity of 7.5 A/W at 5V bias and detectivity of 5 X 1011 cm·Hz½/W at 1.2 V bias were measured for the InGaAs/InP QWIPs at T = 80K. [reprint (PDF)]
 
11.  Stable single mode terahertz semiconductor sources at room temperature
M. Razeghi
2011 International Semiconductor Device Research Symposium, ISDRS [6135180] (2011).-- December 7, 2011 ...[Visit Journal]
Terahertz (THz) range is an area of the electromagnetic spectra which has lots of applications but it suffers from the lack of simple working devices which can emit THz radiation, such as the high performance mid-infrared (mid-IR) quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) based on InP technology. The applications for the THz can be found in astronomy and space research, biology imaging, security, industrial inspection, etc. Unlike THz QCLs based on the fundamental oscillators, which are limited to cryogenic operations, semiconductor THz sources based on nonlinear effects of mid-IR QCLs do not suffer from operating temperature limitations, because mid-IR QCLs can operate well above room temperature. THz sources based on difference frequency generation (DFG) utilize nonlinear properties of asymmetric quantum structures, such as QCL structures. [reprint (PDF)]
 
11.  MOCVD Growth of ZnO Nanostructures Using Au Droplets as Catalysts
V.E. Sandana, D.J. Rogers, F.H. Teherani, R. McClintock, M. Razeghi, H.J. Drouhin, M.C. Clochard, V. Sallett, G. Garry and F. Fayoud
SPIE Conference, January 20-25, 2008, San Jose, CA Proceedings – Zinc Oxide Materials and Devices III, Vol. 6895, p. 68950Z-1-6.-- February 1, 2008 ...[Visit Journal]
ZnO nanostructures were synthesised by Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition growth on Si (100) and c-Al2O3 substrates coated with a 5nm thick layer of Au. The Au coated substrates were annealed in air prior to deposition of ZnO so as to promote formation of Au nanodroplets. The development of the nanodroplets was studied as a function of annealing duration and temperature. Under optimised conditions, a relatively homogeneous distribution of regular Au nanodroplets was obtained. Using the Au nanodroplets as a catalyst, MOCVD growth of ZnO nanostructures was studied. Scanning electron microscopy revealed nanostructures with various forms including commonly observed structures such as nanorods, nanoneedles and nanotubes. Some novel nanostructures were also observed, however, which resembled twist pastries and bevelled-multifaceted table legs. [reprint (PDF)]
 
11.  Persistent photoconductivity and the quantized Hall effect in In0.53Ga0.47As/InP heterostructures
H. P. Wei; D. C. Tsui; M. Razeghi
H. P. Wei, D. C. Tsui, M. Razeghi; Persistent photoconductivity and the quantized Hall effect in In0.53Ga0.47As/InP heterostructures. Appl. Phys. Lett. 15 September 1984; 45 (6): 666–668.-- September 15, 1984 ...[Visit Journal]
A persistent photoconductivity is observed in the transport of the high mobility two‐dimensional electron gas in In0.53Ga0.47 As/InP heterostructures. Low field Hall measurements from 300 to 4.2 K and the quantized Hall effect in the high field limit are studied with radiation from visible and infrared light‐emitting diodes. Our results demonstrate conclusively that the effect is due to photogeneration of electron‐hole pairs in the heterostructure and trapping of holes in the In0.53Ga0.47 As. [reprint (PDF)]
 
11.  Thermal conductivity tensors of the cladding and active layers of antimonide infrared lasers and detectors
Chuanle Zhou, I. Vurgaftman, C. L. Canedy, C. S. Kim, M. Kim, W. W. Bewley, C. D. Merritt, J. Abell, J. R. Meyer, A. Hoang, A. Haddadi, M. Razeghi, and M. Grayson
Optical Materials Express. 2013;3(10):1632-1640.-- October 1, 2013 ...[Visit Journal]
The in-plane and cross-plane thermal conductivities of the cladding layers and active quantum wells of interband cascade lasers and type-II superlattice infrared detector are measured by the 2-wire 3ω method. The layers investigated include InAs/AlSb superlattice cladding layers, InAs/GaInSb/InAs/AlSb W-active quantum wells, an InAs/GaSb superlattice absorber, an InAs/GaSb/AlSb M-structure, and an AlAsSb digital alloy. The in-plane thermal conductivity of the InAs/AlSb superlattice is 4-5 times higher than the cross-plane value. The isotropic thermal conductivity of the AlAsSb digital alloy matches a theoretical expectation, but it is one order of magnitude lower than the only previously-reported experimental value. [reprint (PDF)]
 
11.  High performance quantum cascade lasers (~11 μm) operating at high temperature (T>= 425K)
A. Tahraoui, A. Matlis, S. Slivken, J. Diaz, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 78 (4)-- January 22, 2001 ...[Visit Journal]
We report record-low threshold current density and high output power for λ ∼ 11 μm Al0.48In0.52As/Ga0.47In0.53As quantum cascade lasers operating up to 425 K. The threshold current density is 1.1, 3.83, and 7.08 kA/cm² at 80, 300, and 425 K, respectively, for 5 μs pulses at a 200 Hz repetition rate. The cavity length is 3 mm with a stripe width of 20 μm. The maximum peak output power per facet is 1 W at 80 K, 0.5 W at 300 K, and more than 75 mW at 425 K. The characteristic temperature of these lasers is 174 K between 80 and 300 K and 218 K in the range of 300–425 K. [reprint (PDF)]
 
11.  Delta-doping optimization for high qualityp-type GaN
C. Bayram, J.L. Pau, R. McClintock and M. Razeghi
Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 104, No. 8-- October 15, 2008 ...[Visit Journal]
Delta-doping is studied in order to achieve high quality p-type GaN. Atomic force microscopy, x-ray diffraction, photoluminescence, and Hall measurements are performed on the samples to optimize the delta-doping characteristics. The effect of annealing on the electrical, optical, and structural quality is also investigated for different delta-doping parameters. Optimized pulsing conditions result in layers with hole concentrations near 1018 cm−3 and superior crystal quality compared to conventional p-GaN. This material improvement is achieved thanks to the reduction in the Mg activation energy and self-compensation effects in delta-doped p-GaN. [reprint (PDF)]
 
11.  Investigations of ZnO thin films grown on c-Al(2)O(3) by pulsed laser deposition in N(2) + O(2) ambient
D.J. Rogers, D.C. Look, F.H. Teherani, K. Minder, M. Razeghi, A. Largeteau, G. Demazeau, J. Morrod, K.A. Prior, A. Lusson, and S. Hassani
Physica Status Solidi (c), Vol. 5, No. 9, p. 3084-3087-- July 1, 2008 ...[Visit Journal]
ZnO films were deposited on c-Al2O3 using pulsed laser deposition both with and without N2 in the growth ambient. X-ray diffraction revealed poorer crystal quality and surface morphology for one-step growths with N2 in the ambient. A marked improvement in both the crystallographic and surface quality was obtained through use of two-step growths employing nominally undoped ZnO buffer layers prior to growth with N2 in the ambient. All films showed majority n-type conduction in Hall measurements. Post-annealing for 30 minutes at 600 ºC in O2 systematically reduced both the carrier concentration and the conductivity. A base room temperature carrier concentration of ~ 1016 cm-3 was linked to Al diffusing from the substrate. 4.2 K photoluminescence spectra exhibited blue bands associated with the growths having N2 in the ambient. Temperature dependent Hall measurements were consistent with N being incorporated in the films. Processed devices did not, however, show rectifying behavior or electroluminescence. [reprint (PDF)]
 
11.  8.5 μm Room Temperature Quantum Cascade Lasers Grown by Gas-Source Molecular Beam Epitaxy
S. Slivken and M. Razeghi
SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA, -- January 28, 1998 ...[Visit Journal]
We report room-temperature pulsed-mode operation of 8.5 μm quantum cascade lasers grown by gas-source molecular beam epitaxy. The theory necessary to understand the operation of the laser is presented and current problems are analyzed. Very good agreement is shown to exist between theoretical and experimental emission wavelengths. The high- temperature operation is achieved with 1 μs pulses at a repetition rate of 200 Hz. Peak output power in these conditions is in excess of 700 mW per 2 facets at 79 K and 25 mW at 300 K. Threshold current as a function of temperature shows an exponential dependence with T0 equals 188 K for a 1.5 mm cavity. [reprint (PDF)]
 
11.  Inductively coupled plasma etching and processing techniques for type-II InAs/GaSb superlattices infrared detectors toward high fill factor focal plane arrays
E.K. Huang, B.M. Nguyen, D. Hoffman, P.Y. Delaunay and M. Razeghi
SPIE Proceedings, San Jose, CA Volume 7222-0Z-- January 26, 2009 ...[Visit Journal]
A challenge for Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice (T2SL) photodetectors is to achieve high fill factor, high aspect ratio etching for third generation focal plane arrays (FPAs). Initially, we compare the morphological and electrical results of single element T2SL photodiodes after BCl3/Ar inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) dry etching. Using a Si3N4 hard mask, ICP-etched structures exemplify greater sidewall verticality and smoothness, which are essential toward the realization of high fill factor FPAs. ICP-etched single element devices with SiO2 passivation that are 9.3 µm in cutoff wavelength achieved vertical sidewalls of 7.7 µm in depth with a resistance area product at zero bias of greater than 1,000 Ω·cm2 and maximum differential resistance in excess of 10,000 Ω·cm2 at 77 K. By only modifying the etching technique in the fabrication steps, the ICP-etched photodiodes showed an order of magnitude decrease in their dark current densities in comparison to the ECR-etched devices. Finally, high aspect ratio etching is demonstrated on mutli-element arrays with 3 µm-wide trenches that are 11 µm deep. [reprint (PDF)]
 

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