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15.  Quantum Light: Unlocking the Invisible and Transforming the Possible
M. Razeghi
Journal of the Franklin Institute, 108997 (2026) ...[Visit Journal]
Manijeh Razeghi explores the future of quantum photonics in the article. Drawing on her work engineering and detecting light across wavelengths from deep ultraviolet to terahertz, Razeghi describes how advances in quantum light could open new possibilities in public health, sensing, high-speed communication, energy and exploration. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  Type-II InAs/GaSb photodiodes and focal plane arrays aimed at high operating temperatures
M. Razeghi, S. Abdollahi Pour, E.K. Huang, G. Chen, A. Haddadi, and B.M. Nguyen
Opto-Electronics Review (OER), Vol. 19, No. 3, June 2011, p. 46-54-- June 1, 2011 ...[Visit Journal]
Recent efforts to improve the performance of type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes and focal plane arrays (FPA) have been reviewed. The theoretical bandstructure models have been discussed first. A review of recent developments in growth and characterization techniques is given. The efforts to improve the performance of MWIR photodiodes and focal plane arrays (FPAs) have been reviewed and the latest results have been reported. It is shown that these improvements has resulted in background limited performance (BLIP) of single element photodiodes up to 180 K. FPA shows a constant noise equivalent temperature difference (NEDT) of 11 mK up to 120 K and it shows human body imaging up to 170 K. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  State-of-the-art Type II Antimonide-based superlattice photodiodes for infrared detection and imaging
M. Razeghi, B.M. Nguyen, P.Y. Delaunay, E.K. Huang, S. Abdollahi Pour, P. Manurkar, and S. Bogdanov
SPIE Proceedings, Nanophotonics and Macrophotonics for Space Environments II, San Diego, CA, Vol. 7467, p. 74670T-1-- August 5, 2009 ...[Visit Journal]
Type-II InAs/GaSb Superlattice (SL), a system of multi interacting quantum wells was first introduced by Nobel Laureate L. Esaki in the 1970s. Since then, this low dimensional system has drawn a lot of attention for its attractive quantum mechanics properties and its grand potential for the emergence into the application world, especially in infrared detection. In recent years, Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photo-detectors have experienced significant improvements in material quality, structural designs and imaging applications which elevated the performances of Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodetectors to a comparable level to the state-of-the-art Mercury Cadmium Telluride. We will present in this talk the current status of the state-of-the-art Type II superlattice photodetectors and focal plane arrays, and the future outlook for this material system. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  High Detectivity InGaAs/InGaP Quantum-Dot Infrared Photodetectors Grown by Low Pressure Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition
J. Jiang, S. Tsao, T. O'Sullivan, W. Zhang, H. Lim, T. Sills, K. Mi, M. Razeghi, G.J. Brown, and M.Z. Tidrow
Applied Physics Letters, 84 (12)-- April 22, 2004 ...[Visit Journal]
We report a high detectivity middle-wavelength infrared quantum dot infrared photodetector (QDIP). The InGaAs quantum dots were grown by self-assembly on an InGaP matrix via low pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Photoresponse was observed at temperatures above 200 K with a peak wavelength of 4.7 µm and cutoff wavelength of 5.2 µm. The background limited performance temperature was 140 K, and this was attributed to the super low dark current observed in this QDIP. A detectivity of 3.6×1010 cm·Hz½/W, which is comparable to the state-of-the-art quantum well infrared photodetectors in a similar wavelength range, was obtained for this InGaAs/InGaP QDIP at both T = 77 K and T = 95 K at biases of –1.6 and –1.4 V, [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  Quantum cascade lasers: from tool to product
M. Razeghi, Q. Y. Lu, N. Bandyopadhyay, W. Zhou, D. Heydari, Y. Bai, and S. Slivken
Optics Express Vol. 23, Issue 7, pp. 8462-8475-- March 25, 2015 ...[Visit Journal]
The quantum cascade laser (QCL) is an important laser source in the mid-infrared and terahertz frequency range. The past twenty years have witnessed its tremendous development in power, wall plug efficiency, frequency coverage and tunability, beam quality, as well as various applications based on QCL technology. Nowadays, QCLs can deliver high continuous wave power output up to 5.1 W at room temperature, and cover a wide frequency range from 3 to 300 μm by simply varying the material components. Broadband heterogeneous QCLs with a broad spectral range from 3 to 12 μm, wavelength agile QCLs based on monolithic sampled grating design, and on-chip beam QCL combiner are being developed for the next generation tunable mid-infrared source for spectroscopy and sensing. Terahertz sources based on nonlinear generation in QCLs further extend the accessible wavelength into the terahertz range. Room temperature continuous wave operation, high terahertz power up to 1.9 mW, and wide frequency tunability form 1 to 5 THz makes this type of device suitable for many applications in terahertz spectroscopy, imaging, and communication. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  Electron Transport Properties of Ga[0.51]In[0.49]P for Device Applications
C. Besikci and M. Razeghi
IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 41 (6)-- June 1, 1994 ...[Visit Journal]
We present Monte Carlo calculations of steady-state and transient electron transport properties of Ga0.51In0.49P. We have made a simulation-based comparison between Ga0.51In0.49P and AlxGa1-xAs (x = 0.2, 0.3). Our Monte Carlo data show that transport properties of Ga0.51In0.49P are favorable, and when the other advantages of the GaInP/GaAs system are also taken into account. this material is a good choice to replace AlxGa1-xAs (x greater-than-or-equal-to 0.3). We have also calculated electron drift and Hall mobilities in Ga0.51In0.49P as a function of impurity concentration and temperature, and determined the effects of different scattering mechanisms on the low-field mobility. Calculated results are in good agreement with the measurements on metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) grown samples with Hall mobilities within a factor of 0.5 of the calculated theoretical limit. It has also been found that alloy scattering is an important mobility degrading mechanism in lightly doped material at low temperatures. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  Widely Tunable, Single-Mode, High-Power Quantum Cascade Lasers
M. Razeghi, B. Gokden, S. Tsao, A. Haddadi, N. Bandyopadhyay, and S. Slivken
SPIE Proceedings, Intergreated Photonics: Materials, Devices and Applications, SPIE Microtechnologies Symposium, Prague, Czech Republic, April 18-20, 2011, Vol. 8069, p. 806905-1-- May 31, 2011 ...[Visit Journal]
We demonstrate widely tunable high power distributed feedback quantum cascade laser array chips that span 190 nm and 200 nm from 4.4 um to 4.59 um and 4.5 um to 4.7 um respectively. The lasers emit single mode with a very narrow linewidth and side mode suppression ratio of 25 dB. Under pulsed operation power outputs up to 1.85 W was obtained from arrays with 3 mm cavity length and up to 0.95 W from arrays with 2 mm cavity length at room temperature. Continuous wave operation was also observed from both chips with 2 mm and 3 mm long cavity arrays up to 150 mW. The cleaved size of the array chip with 3 mm long cavities was around 4 mm x 5 mm and does not require sensitive external optical components to achieve wide tunability. With their small size and high portability, monolithically integrated DFB QCL Arrays are prominent candidates of widely tunable, compact, efficient and high power sources of mid-infrared radiation for gas sensing. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  Investigation of the Heteroepitaxial Interfaces in the GaInP/GaAs Superlattices by High Resolution X-Ray Diffraction and Dynamical Solutions
Xiaoguang He and Manijeh Razeghi
Journal of Applied Physics 73 (7)-- April 1, 1993 ...[Visit Journal]
Two GaAs/GaInP superlattices grown on GaAs substrates by low‐pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition have been studied using high resolution x‐ray diffraction measurements and simulations by solving Tagaki–Taupin equations. The strained layers at both interfaces of the GaAs well are identified from the simulations of the measured diffraction patterns. The purging of indium at the interface of GaInP/GaAs accounts for the strained layer at the GaInP/GaAs interface while the pressure difference in the gas lines, which results in the different traveling time to the sample surface, is attributed to the indium‐poor strained layer at the GaAs/GaInP interface. It is shown that high‐resolution x‐ray diffraction measurements combined with a dynamical simulation, are sensitive tools to study the heteroepitaxial interfaces on an atomic layer scale. In addition, the influence of a miscut of the substrate on the measurement is discussed in the article. It is shown that even though the miscut is small, the diffraction geometry is already an asymmetric one. More than 10% error in the superlattice period for a 2° miscut substrate can result when the miscut substrate is considered a symmetric geometry. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  Thermal conductivity tensors of the cladding and active layers of antimonide infrared lasers and detectors
Chuanle Zhou, I. Vurgaftman, C. L. Canedy, C. S. Kim, M. Kim, W. W. Bewley, C. D. Merritt, J. Abell, J. R. Meyer, A. Hoang, A. Haddadi, M. Razeghi, and M. Grayson
Optical Materials Express. 2013;3(10):1632-1640.-- October 1, 2013 ...[Visit Journal]
The in-plane and cross-plane thermal conductivities of the cladding layers and active quantum wells of interband cascade lasers and type-II superlattice infrared detector are measured by the 2-wire 3ω method. The layers investigated include InAs/AlSb superlattice cladding layers, InAs/GaInSb/InAs/AlSb W-active quantum wells, an InAs/GaSb superlattice absorber, an InAs/GaSb/AlSb M-structure, and an AlAsSb digital alloy. The in-plane thermal conductivity of the InAs/AlSb superlattice is 4-5 times higher than the cross-plane value. The isotropic thermal conductivity of the AlAsSb digital alloy matches a theoretical expectation, but it is one order of magnitude lower than the only previously-reported experimental value. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  Intermixing of GaInP/GaAs Multiple Quantum Wells
C. Francis, M.A. Bradley, P. Boucaud, F.H. Julien and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 62 (2)-- January 11, 1993 ...[Visit Journal]
The intermixing of GaInP‐GaAs superlattices induced by a heat treatment is investigated as a function of the annealing temperature and duration. Photoluminescence experiments reveal a large red shift of the effective band gap of the annealed quantum wells thus indicating a dominant self‐diffusion of the group III atoms which is confirmed by secondary ion mass spectroscopic measurements. For long enough annealing durations, the red shift saturates and even decreases due to the competing slower self‐diffusion of the group V atoms. Experiments are well understood based on a simple diffusion model. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  Schottky barrier heights and conduction-band offsets of In1-xGaxAs1-yPy lattice matched to GaAs
J.K. Lee, Y.H. Cho, B.D. Choe, K.S. Kim, H.I. Jeon, H. Lim and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 71 (7)-- August 18, 1997 ...[Visit Journal]
The Schottky barrier heights of Au/In1−xGaxAs1−yPy contacts have been determined as a function of y by the capacitance–voltage and temperature dependent current–voltage characteristics measurements. The barrier height is observed to increase as y is increased for both n- and p-type materials, with a more rapid increase for the p-type material. The compositional variation of the barrier heights for Au/n-In1−xGaxAs1−yPy is found to be identical to that of the conduction-band offsets in In1−xGaxAs1−yPy/GaAs heterojunctions. A possible cause of this phenomenon is also discussed. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  Room temperature terahertz quantum cascade laser sources with 215 μW output power through epilayer-down mounting
Q. Y. Lu, N. Bandyopadhyay, S. Slivken, Y. Bai, and M. Razeghi
Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 011101 (2013)-- July 1, 2013 ...[Visit Journal]
We report room temperature terahertz (THz) quantum cascade laser sources with high power based on difference frequency generation. The device is Čerenkov phase matched and spectrally purified with an integrated dual-period distributed-feedback grating. Symmetric current injection and epilayer-down mounting of the device onto a patterned submount are used to improve the electrical uniformity and heat removal, respectively. The epilayer-down mounting also allows for THz anti-reflective coating to enhance the THz outcoupling efficiency. Single mode emission at 3.5 THz with a side-mode suppression ratio and output power up to 30 dB and 215  μW are obtained, respectively. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  Demonstration of a 256x256 Middle-Wavelength Infrared Focal Plane Array based on InGaAs/InGaP Quantum Dot Infrared Photodetectors (QDIPs)
J. Jiang, K. Mi, S. Tsao, W. Zhang, H. Lim, T.O'Sullivan, T. Sills, M. Razeghi, G.J. Brown, and M.Z. Tidrow
Applied Physics Letters, 84 (13)-- April 29, 2004 ...[Visit Journal]
We report a demonstration of an infrared focal plane array based on InGaAs/InGaP quantum dot infrared photodetectors. The middle-wavelength infrared quantum-dot infrared photodetector (QDIP) structure was grown via low-pressure metal organic chemical vapor deposition. A detectivity of 3.6×1010 cm·Hz½/W was achieved at T = 95 K and a bias of –1.4 V. The background limited temperature of our QDIP was 140 K with a 45° field of view. A 256×256 detector array was fabricated with dry etching, and hybridized to a Litton readout chip by indium bumps. Thermal imaging was achieved at temperatures up to 120 K. At T = 77 K, the noise equivalent temperature difference was measured as 0.509 K with a 300 K background and f/2.3 optics. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  Concentration gradient at an InP/GaAs interface determined by Auger analysis on a chemical bevel
J. Cazaux; P. Etienne; M. Razeghi
J. Cazaux, P. Etienne, M. Razeghi; Concentration gradient at an InP/GaAs interface determined by Auger analysis on a chemical bevel. J. Appl. Phys. 15 May 1986; 59 (10): 3598–3601-- June 15, 1986 ...[Visit Journal]
Experimental results of Auger profiles obtained on a chemical bevel of an InP/GaAs structure are reported. A theoretical procedure is established to convert the intensity profile into concentration profiles. It is applied to evaluate the concentration distribution of each species–Ga, In, As, P–independently of each others with a precision of ±5%. It is verified that the composition of the interface is GaxIn1−xAsyP1−y (0≤x, y≤1). Owing to differences between the atomic diffusions of III‐ and V‐type elements, the transition region can be subdivided into three regions having the following compositions: (i) GaAsyP1−y with 0.87≤y≤1; (ii) GaxIn1−xAsyP1−y with 0≤y≤0.87 and 0.24≤x<1; (iii) PGaxIn1−x with x<0.24. The width of each region is also indicated. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  Room temperature continuous wave operation of λ ~ 3-3.2 μm quantum cascade lasers
N. Bandyopadhyay, Y. Bai, S. Tsao, S. Nida, S. Slivken and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 101, No. 24, p. 241110-1-- December 10, 2012 ...[Visit Journal]
We demonstrate quantum cascade lasers emitting at wavelengths of 3–3.2 μm in the InP-based material system. The laser core consists of GaInAs/AlInAs using strain balancing technique. In room temperature pulsed mode operation, threshold current densities of 1.66 kA∕cm² and 1.97 kA∕cm², and characteristic temperatures (T0) of 108 K and 102 K, are obtained for the devices emitting at 3.2 μm and 3 μm, respectively. Room temperature continuous wave operation is achieved at both wavelengths. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  Thermal characteristics and analysis of quantum cascade lasers for biochemical sensing applications
J.S. Yu, H.K. Lee, S. Slivken, and M. Razeghi
SPIE Proceedings, Biosensing II, San Diego, CA (August 2-6, 2009), Vol. 7397, p. 739705-1-- August 2, 2009 ...[Visit Journal]
We studied the thermal characteristics and analysis of InGaAs/InAlAs quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) in terms of internal temperature distribution, heat flux, and thermal conductance from the heat transfer simulation. The heat source densities were obtained from threshold power densities measured experimentally for QCLs under room-temperature continuous-wave operation. The use of a thick electroplated Au around the laser ridges helps increase the heat removal from devices. The two-dimensional anisotropic heat dissipation model was used to analyze the thermal behaviors inside the device. The simulation results were also compared with those estimated from experimental data. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  Recent advances in LWIR type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodetectors and focal plane arrays at the Center for Quantum Devices
M. Razeghi, D. Hoffman, B.M. Nguyen, P.Y. Delaunay, E.K. Huang, and M.Z. Tidrow
SPIE Porceedings, Vol. 6940, Orlando, FL 2008, p. 694009-- March 17, 2008 ...[Visit Journal]
In recent years, Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photo-detectors have experienced significant improvements in material quality, structural designs, and imaging applications. They now appear to be a possible alternative to the state-of-the-art HgCdTe (MCT) technology in the long and very long wavelength infrared regimes. At the Center for Quantum Devices,we have successfully realized very high quantum efficiency, very high dynamic differential resistance R0A - product LWIR Type – II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes with efficient surface passivation techniques. The demonstration of high quality LWIR Focal Plane Arrays that were 100 % fabricated in - house reaffirms the pioneer position of this university-based laboratory. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  Chemical lift-off and direct wafer bonding of GaN/InGaN P-I-N structures grown on ZnO
K. Pantzas, D.J. Rogers, P. Bove, V.E. Sandana, F.H. Teherani, Y. El Gmili, M. Molinari, G. Patriarche, L. Largeau, O. Mauguin, S. Suresh, P.L. Voss, M. Razeghi, A. Ougazzaden
Journal of Crystal Growth, Volume 435, Pages 105-109-- November 7, 2015 ...[Visit Journal]
p-GaN/i-InGaN/n-GaN (PIN) structures were grown epitaxially on ZnO-buffered c-sapphire substrates by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy using the industry standard ammonia precursor for nitrogen. Scanning electron microscopy revealed continuous layers with a smooth interface between GaN and ZnO and no evidence of ZnO back-etching. Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy revealed a peak indium content of just under 5at% in the active layers. The PIN structure was lifted off the sapphire by selectively etching away the ZnO buffer in an acid and then direct bonded onto a glass substrate. Detailed high resolution transmission electron microscopy and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction studies revealed that the structural quality of the PIN structures was preserved during the transfer process. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  Stranski-Krastanov growth of InGaN quantum dots emitting in green spectra
C. Bayram and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics A: Materials Science and Processing, Vol. 96, No. 2, p. 403-408-- August 1, 2009 ...[Visit Journal]
Self-assembled InGaN quantum dots (QDs) were grown on GaN templates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. 2D–3D growth mode transition through Stranski–Krastanov mode was observed via atomic force microscopy. The critical thickness for In0.67Ga0.33N QDs was determined to be four monolayers. The effects of growth temperature, deposition thickness, and V/III ratio on QD formation were examined. The capping of InGaN QDs with GaN was analyzed. Optimized InGaN quantum dots emitted in green spectra at room temperature. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  Background limited performance of long wavelength infrared focal plane arrays fabricated from type-II InAs/GaSb M-structure superlattice
P.Y. Delaunay, B.M. Nguyen and M. Razeghi
SPIE Porceedings, Vol. 7298, Orlando, FL 2009, p. 72981Q-- April 13, 2009 ...[Visit Journal]
Recent advances in growth techniques, structure design and processing have lifted the performance of Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodetectors. The introduction of a M-structure design improved both the dark current and R0A of Type-II photodiodes. This new structure combined with a thick absorbing region demonstrated background limited performance at 77K for a 300K background and a 2-π field of view. A focal plane array with a 9.6 μm 50% cutoff wavelength was fabricated with this design and characterized at 80K. The dark current of individual pixels was measured around 1.3 nA, 7 times lower than previous superlattice FPAs. This led to a higher dynamic range and longer integration times. The quantum efficiency of detectors without anti-reflective coating was 72%. The noise equivalent temperature difference reached 23 mK. The deposition of an anti-reflective coating improved the NEDT to 20 mK and the quantum efficiency to 89%. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  Room-temperature, high-power and continuous-wave operation of distributed-feedback quantum-cascade lasers at λ ~ 9.6 µm
S.R. Darvish, S. Slivken, A. Evans, J.S. Yu, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, 88 (20)-- May 15, 2006 ...[Visit Journal]
High-power continuous-wave (cw) operation of distributed-feedback quantum-cascade lasers is reported. Continuous-wave output powers of 100 mW at 25 °C and 20 mW at 50 °C are obtained. The device exhibits a cw threshold current density of 1.34 kA/cm2, a maximum cw wall-plug efficiency of 1% at 25 °C, and a characteristic temperature of ~190 K in pulsed mode. Single-mode emission near 9.6 μm with a side-mode suppression ratio of ≥ 30 dB and a tuning range of 2.89 cm–1 from 15 to 50 °C is obtained. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  Quantum-dot infrared photodetectors and focal plane arrays
M. Razeghi, H. Lim, S. Tsao, M. Taguchi, W. Zhang, and A.A. Quivy
SPIE Infrared Technology and Applications Conference, April 17-21, 2006, Orlando, FL Proceedings – Infrared Technology and Applications XXXII, Vol. 6206, p. 62060I-1-- April 21, 2006 ...[Visit Journal]
We report our recent results about mid-wavelength infrared quantum-dot infrared photodetectors (QDIPs) grown by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. A very high responsivity and a very low dark current were obtained. A high peak detectivity of the order of 3×1012 Jones was achieved at 77 K. The temperature dependent device performance was also investigated. The improved temperature insensitivity compared to QWIPs was attributed to the properties of quantum dots. The device showed a background limited performance temperature of 220 K with a 45° field of view and 300K background. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.   Emerging materials for photonics
Miriam S. Vitiello, and Manijeh Razeghi
APL Materials 5, 03510-- March 31, 2017 ...[Visit Journal]
Photonics plays a major role in all aspects of human life. It revolutionized science by addressing fundamental scientific questions and by enabling key functions in many interdisciplinary fields spanning from quantum technologies to information andcommunicationscience,andfrombiomedicalresearchtoindustrialprocessmonitoring and life entertainment. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  Photoluminescence study of InAsSb/InAsSbP heterostructures grown by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition
S. Kim, M. Erdtmann, D. Wu, E. Kaas, H. Yi, J. Diaz, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 69 (11)-- September 9, 1996 ...[Visit Journal]
Photoluminescence has been measured for double‐ and separate‐confinement InAsSb/InAsSbP heterostructures grown by low‐pressure metalorganic vapor deposition. A measurement of the integrated luminescence intensity at the temperature range of 77–300 K shows that over a wide range of excitation level (1–5×10² W/cm²) the radiative transitions are the dominant. mechanism below T∼170 K. Auger recombination coefficient C=C0 exp(−Ea/kT) with C0≊5×10−27 cm6/s and Ea≊40 meV has been estimated. [reprint (PDF)]
 
15.  Persistent photoconductivity in Ga0.49In0.51P/GaAs heterojunctions
S. Ben Amor; L. Dmowski; J. C. Portal; N. J. Pulsford; R. J. Nicholas; J. Singleton; M. Razeghi
J. Appl. Phys. 65, 2756–2760 (1989-- November 18, 1988 ...[Visit Journal]
We have studied the persistent photoconductivity (PPC) effect in Ga0.49 Ino. sl P IGaAs heterostructures. Through time- and temperature-dependent Hall effect, we observe very small relaxation rates and the PPC remains observable at room temperature. Optical experiments show an optical energy threshold of 1.15 e V and an infrared quenching of the ppc. Thermal cycling of the samples strongly affects the PPC and the quenching temperature. The center responsible for the observed PPC, therefore, appears related to defects, Most of our observations are qualitatively understood in a large lattice relaxation DX-like center approach. However, the origin of the high quenching temperature remains to be explained. [reprint (PDF)]
 

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