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| 12. | Noise analysis in type-II InAs/GaSb focal plane arrays P.Y. Delaunay and M. Razeghi Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 106, Issue 6, p. 063110-- September 15, 2009 ...[Visit Journal] A long wavelength infrared focal plane array based on type-II InAs/GaSb superlattices was
fabricated and characterized at 80 K. The noise equivalent temperature difference in the array was
measured as low as 23 mK for an integration time of 0.129 ms. The noise behavior of the detectors
was properly described by a model based on thermal, shot, read out integrated circuit, and photon
noises. The noise of the imager was dominated by photon noise for photon fluxes higher than
1.8×1015 ph·s−1·cm−2. At lower irradiance, the imager was limited by the shot noise generated by the dark current or the noise of the testing system. The superlattice detector did not create 1/f noise for frequencies above 4 mHz. As a result, the focal plane array did not require frequent calibrations. [reprint (PDF)] |
| 12. | Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition of monocrystalline GaN thin films on β-LiGaO2substrates P. Kung, A. Saxler, X. Zhang, D. Walker, R. Lavado, and M. Razeghi Applied Physics Letters 69 (14)-- September 30, 1996 ...[Visit Journal] We report the metalorganic chemical vapor deposition growth and characterization of monocrystalline GaN thin films on β-LiGaO2 substrates. The influence of the growth temperature on the crystal quality was studied. The structural, electrical, and optical properties of the films were assessed through scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, Hall measurements, optical transmission, photoluminescence. [reprint (PDF)] |
| 12. | Gain-length scaling in quantum dot/quantum well infrared photodetectors T. Yamanaka, B. Movaghar, S. Tsao, S. Kuboya, A. Myzaferi and M. Razeghi Virtual Journal of Nanoscale Science & Technology-- September 14, 2009 ...[Visit Journal][reprint (PDF)] |
| 12. | Growth of GaInAs‐InP multiquantum wells on garnet (GGG=Gd3Ga5O12) substrate by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition M. Razeghi; P‐L. Meunier; P. Maurel M. Razeghi, P‐L. Meunier, P. Maurel; Growth of GaInAs‐InP multiquantum wells on garnet (GGG=Gd3Ga5O12) substrate by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. J. Appl. Phys. 15 March 1986; 59 (6): 2261–2263-- March 15, 1986 ...[Visit Journal] Ga0.47In0.53As‐InP multiquantum wells grown by low‐pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on garnet (GGG=Gd3Ga5O12 with a=12.383 Å) substrates are presented for the first time. The x‐ray diffraction pattern shows that the orientation of the epitaxial layer is (111) while the underlying substrate orientation is (100). The photoluminescence at 77 K is due to the GaInAs layers. [reprint (PDF)] |
| 12. | III-nitride based avalanche photo detectors R. McClintock, E. Cicek, Z. Vashaei, C. Bayram, M. Razeghi and M. Ulmer Proceedings, Vol. 7780, p. 77801B, SPIE Optics and Photonics Symposium, Conference on Detectors and Imaging Devices: Infrared, Focal Plane and Single Photon, San Diego, CA -- August 4, 2010 ...[Visit Journal] Research into III-Nitride based avalanche photodiodes (APDs) is motivated by the need for high sensitivity ultraviolet (UV) detectors in numerous civilian and military applications. By designing III-Nitride photodetectors that utilize low-noise impact ionization high internal gain can be realized-GaN APDs operating in Geiger mode can achieve gains exceeding 1×107. Thus with careful design, it becomes possible to count photons at the single photon level. In this paper we review the current state of the art in III-Nitride visible-blind APDs and discuss the critical design choices necessary to achieve high performance Geiger mode devices. Other major technical issues associated with the realization of visible-blind Geiger mode APDs are also discussed in detail and future prospects for improving upon the performance of these devices are outlined. The photon detection efficiency, dark count rate, and spectral response of or most recent Geiger-mode GaN APDs on free-standing GaN substrates are studied under low photon fluxes, with single photon detection capabilities being demonstrated. We also present our latest results regarding linear mode gain uniformity: the study of gain uniformity helps reveal the spatial origins of gain so that we can better understand the role of defects. [reprint (PDF)] |
| 12. | High Detectivity InAs Quantum-Dot Infrared Photodetectors Grown on InP by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition W. Zhang, H. Lim, M. Taguchi, S. Tsao, B. Movaghar, and M. Razeghi Applied Physics Letters, 86 (19)-- May 9, 2005 ...[Visit Journal] We report a high-detectivity InAs quantum-dot infrared photodetector. The InAs quantum dots were grown by self-assembly on InP substrates via low-pressure metal–organic chemical–vapor deposition. Highly uniform quantum dots with a density of 4×1010 cm2 were grown on a GaAs/InP matrix. Photoresponse was observed at temperatures up to 160 K with a peak of 6.4 µm and cutoff of 6.6 µm. Very low dark currents and noise currents were obtained by inserting Al0.48In0.52As current blocking layers. The background-limited performance temperature was 100 K. A detectivity of 1.0×1010 cm·Hz½/W was obtained at 77 K with a bias of –1.1 V. [reprint (PDF)] |
| 12. | High performance photodiodes based on InAs/InAsSb type-II superlattices for very long wavelength infrared detection A. M. Hoang, G. Chen, R. Chevallier, A. Haddadi, and M. Razeghi Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 251105 (2014)-- June 23, 2014 ...[Visit Journal] Very long wavelength infrared photodetectors based on InAs/InAsSb Type-II superlattices are demonstrated on GaSb substrate. A heterostructure photodiode was grown with 50% cut-off wavelength of 14.6 μm. At 77 K, the photodiode exhibited a peak responsivity of 4.8 A/W, corresponding to a quantum efficiency of 46% at −300 mV bias voltage from front side illumination without antireflective coating. With the dark current density of 0.7 A/cm², it provided a specific detectivity of 1.4 × 1010 Jones. The device performance was investigated as a function of operating temperature, revealing a very stable optical response and a background limited performance below 50 K. [reprint (PDF)] |
| 12. | Reliable GaN-based resonant tunneling diodes with reproducible room-temperature negative differential resistance C. Bayram, D.K. Sadana, Z. Vashaei and M. Razeghi SPIE Proceedings, Vol. 8268, p. 826827-- January 22, 2012 ...[Visit Journal] negative differential resistance (NDR). Compared to other negative resistance devices such as (Esaki) tunnel and transferred-electron devices, RTDs operate much faster and at higher temperatures. III-nitride materials, composed of AlGaInN alloys, have wide bandgap, high carrier mobility and thermal stability; making them ideal for high power high frequency RTDs. Moreover, larger conduction band discontinuity promise higher NDR than other materials (such as GaAs) and room-temperature operation. However, earlier efforts on GaN-based RTD structures have failed to achieve a
reliable and reproducible NDR. Recently, we have demonstrated for the first time that minimizing dislocation density and eliminating the piezoelectric fields enable reliable and reproducible NDR in GaN-based RTDs even at room
temperature. Observation of NDR under both forward and reverse bias as well as at room and low temperatures attribute the NDR behaviour to quantum tunneling. This demonstration marks an important milestone in exploring III-nitride quantum devices, and will pave the way towards fundamental quantum transport studies as well as for high frequency
optoelectronic devices such as terahertz emitters based on oscillators and cascading structures. [reprint (PDF)] |
| 12. | Quantum oscillations at a Ga0.47In0.53AsInP heterojunction interface R.J Nicholas a, M.A Brummell a , J.C Portal b, M Razeghi c, M.A Poisson R.J Nicholas, M.A Brummell, J.C Portal, M Razeghi, M.A Poisson, Quantum oscillations at a Ga0.47In0.53AsInP heterojunction interface, Solid State Communications, Volume 43, Issue 11, 1982, Pages 825-828,-- September 1, 1982 ...[Visit Journal] We report the observation of a two dimensional gas of high mobility electrons at the interface of a Ga0.47In0.53AsInP heterojunction grown by MOCVD. The two dimensional electron concentrations and effective mass are determined by Shubnikov-de Haas studies, and compared with theoretical predictions. Evidence of an enhancement of the g-factor is observed. We also report observations of very pronounced quantum Hall steps as seen in GaAs-GaAlAs heterojunctions.
[reprint (PDF)] |
| 12. | Widely Tunable, Single-Mode, High-Power Quantum Cascade Lasers M. Razeghi, B. Gokden, S. Tsao, A. Haddadi, N. Bandyopadhyay, and S. Slivken SPIE Proceedings, Intergreated Photonics: Materials, Devices and Applications, SPIE Microtechnologies Symposium, Prague, Czech Republic, April 18-20, 2011, Vol. 8069, p. 806905-1-- May 31, 2011 ...[Visit Journal] We demonstrate widely tunable high power distributed feedback quantum cascade laser array chips that span 190 nm and 200 nm from 4.4 um to 4.59 um and 4.5 um to 4.7 um respectively. The lasers emit single mode with a very narrow
linewidth and side mode suppression ratio of 25 dB. Under pulsed operation power outputs up to 1.85 W was obtained from arrays with 3 mm cavity length and up to 0.95 W from arrays with 2 mm cavity length at room temperature. Continuous wave operation was also observed from both chips with 2 mm and 3 mm long cavity arrays up to 150 mW.
The cleaved size of the array chip with 3 mm long cavities was around 4 mm x 5 mm and does not require sensitive external optical components to achieve wide tunability. With their small size and high portability, monolithically integrated DFB QCL Arrays are prominent candidates of widely tunable, compact, efficient and high power sources of mid-infrared radiation for gas sensing. [reprint (PDF)] |
| 12. | The correlation between x-ray diffraction patterns and strain distribution inside GaInP/GaAs superlattices X.G. He, M. Erdtmann, R. Williams, S. Kim, and M. Razeghi Applied Physics Letters 65 (22)-- November 28, 1994 ...[Visit Journal] Strong correlation between x‐ray diffraction characteristics and strain distribution inside GaInP/GaAs superlattices has been reported. It is found that the symmetry of (002) diffraction patterns can be used to evaluate the interface strain status. A sample with no interfacial strains has a symmetric (002) diffraction pattern and weak (004) diffraction pattern. It is also demonstrated that strain distribution in superlattices can be readily estimated qualitatively by analyzing x-ray diffraction patterns. [reprint (PDF)] |
| 12. | Improved performance of quantum cascade lasers via manufacturable quality epitaxial side down mounting process utilizing aluminum nitride heatsinks A. Tsekoun, R. Go, M. Pushkarsky, M. Razeghi, C.K.N. Patel SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA, Vol. 6127, pp. 612702-- January 23, 2006 ...[Visit Journal] We report substantially improved performance of high power quantum cascade lasers by utilizing epi-side down mounting that provides superior heat dissipation properties. We have obtained CW power output of 450 mW at 20°C from mid-IR QCLs. The improved thermal management achieved with epi-side down mounting has also permitted us to carry out initial lifetime tests on the mid-IR QCLs. No degradation of power output is seen even after over 300 hours of CW operation at 25°C with power output in excess of 300 mW. We believe these improvements should permit incorporation of mid-IR QCLs in reliable instrumentation. [reprint (PDF)] |
| 12. | First room‐temperature cw operation of a GaInAsP/InP light‐emitting diode on a silicon substrate M. Razeghi; R. Blondeau; M. Defour; F. Omnes; P. Maurel; F. Brillouet Appl. Phys. Lett. 53, 854–855 (1988)-- July 4, 1988 ...[Visit Journal] We report in this letter the first successful fabrication of an InP-GalnAsP light-emitting diode,
emitting at 1.15 pm grown by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on a
silicon substrate. The device has been operated under continuous wave operation at room
temperature for 24 h (with an injection current of 200 rnA), and showed no degradation.
[reprint (PDF)] |
| 12. | High-power laser diodes based on InGaAsP alloys M. Razeghi Nature, Vol.369, p.631-633-- June 23, 1994 ...[Visit Journal] HIGH-POWER, high-coherence solid-state lasers, based on dielectric materials such as ruby or Nd:YAG (yttrium aluminium garnet), have many civilian and military applications. The active media in these lasers are insulating, and must therefore be excited (or ‘pumped’) by optical, rather than electrical, means. Conventional gas-discharge lamps can be used as the pumping source, but semiconductor diode lasers are more efficient, as their wavelength can be tailored to match the absorption properties of the lasing material. Semiconducting AlGaAs alloys are widely used for this purpose, but oxidation of the aluminium and the spreading of defects during device operation limit the lifetime of the diodes3, and hence the reliability of the system as a whole. Aluminium-free InGaAsP compounds, on the other hand, do not have these lifetime-limiting properties. We report here the fabrication of high-power lasers based on InGaAsP (lattice-matched to GaAs substrates), which operate over the same wavelength range as conventional AlGaAs laser diodes and show significantly improved reliability. The other optical and electrical properties of these diodes are either comparable or superior to those of the AlGaAs system. [reprint (PDF)] |
| 12. | Type-II superlattice-based heterojunction phototransistors for high speed applications Jiakai Li, Arash Dehzangi, Donghai Wu, Ryan McClintock, Manijeh Razeghi Infrared Physics and Technology 108, 1033502-- May 2, 2020 ...[Visit Journal] In this study, high speed performance of heterojunction phototransistors (HPTs) based on InAs/GaSb/AlSb type-II superlattice with 30 nm base thickness and 50% cut-off wavelength of 2.0 μm at room temperature are demonstrated. We studied the relationship between -3 dB cut-off frequency of these HPT versus mesa size, applied bias, and collector layer thickness. For 8 μm diameter circular mesas HPT devices with a 0.5 μm collector layer, under 20 V applied bias voltage, we achieved a -3 dB cut-off frequency of 2.8 GHz.
[reprint (PDF)] |
| 12. | Temperature insensitivity of the Al-free InGaAsP/GaAs lasers for λ = 808 and 908 nm M. Razeghi, H. Yi, J. Diaz, S. Kim, and M. Erdtmann SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA; Proceedings 3001-- February 12, 1997 ...[Visit Journal] n this work, we present our recent achievements for the reliability of the Al-free lasers at high temperatures and high powers. Laser operations up to 30,000 hours were achieved without any degradation in the lasers characteristics from 7 randomly selected InGaAsP/GaAs diodes for λ = 808 nm. The test were performed for lasers without mirror-coating for optical power of 0.5 to 1 W CW at 50 approximately 60 °C. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first direct demonstration of the extremely high reliability of Al-free diodes operations at high powers and temperatures for periods of time much longer than practical need (approximately 3 years). The characteristics during the tests are discussed in detail. [reprint (PDF)] |
| 12. | High-performance, continuous-wave operation of λ ~ 4.6 μm quantum-cascade lasers above room temperature J.S. Yu, S. Slivken, A. Evans and M. Razeghi IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, Vol. 44, No. 8, p. 747-754-- August 1, 2008 ...[Visit Journal] We report the high-performance continuous-wave (CW) operation of 10-μm-wide quantum-cascade lasers (QCLs) emitting at λ ~ 4.6 μm, based on the GaInAs–AlInAs material without regrowth, in epilayer-up and -down bonding configurations. The operational characteristics of QCLs such as the maximum average power, peak output power, CW output power, and maximum CW operating temperature are investigated, depending on cavity length. Also, important device parameters, i.e., the waveguide loss, the transparency current density, the modal gain, and the internal quantum efficiency, are calculated from length-dependent results. For a high-reflectivity (HR) coated 4-mm-long cavity with epilayer-up bonding, the highest maximum average output power of 633 mW is measured at 65% duty cycle, with 469 mW still observed at 100%. The laser exhibits the maximum wall-plug efficiencies of 8.6% and 3.1% at 298 K, in pulsed and CW operatons, respectively. From 298 to 393 K, the temperature dependent threshold current density in pulsed operation shows a high characteristic temperature of 200 K. The use of an epilayer-down bonding further improves the device performance. A CW output power of 685 mW at 288 K is achieved for the 4-micron-long cavity. At 298 K, the output power of 590 mW, threshold current density of 1.52 kA / cm2, and maximum wall-plug efficiency of 3.73% are obtained under CW mode, operating up to 363 K (90 °C). For HR coated 3-micron-long cavities, laser characteristics across the same processed wafer show a good uniformity across the area of 2 x 1 cm2, giving similar output powers, threshold current densities, and emission wavelengths. The CW beam full-width at half-maximum of far-field patterns are 25 degree and 46 degree for the parallel and the perpendicular directions, respectively. [reprint (PDF)] |
| 12. | Schottky MSM Photodetectors on GaN Films Grown on Sapphire by Lateral Epitaxial Overgrowth P. Kung, D. Walker, P. Sandvik, M. Hamilton, J. Diaz, I.H. Lee and M. Razeghi SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA, -- January 27, 1999 ...[Visit Journal] We report the growth and characterization of Schottky based metal-semiconductor-metal ultraviolet photodetectors fabricated on lateral epitaxially overgrown GaN films. The lateral epitaxial overgrowth of GaN was carried out on basal plane sapphire substrates by low pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition and exhibited lateral growth rates more than 5 times as high as vertical growth rates. The spectral responsivity, the dependence on bias voltage, on incident optical power, and the time response of these photodetectors have been characterized. Two detector orientations were investigated: one with the interdigitated finger pattern parallel and the other perpendicular to the underlying SiOx mask stripes. [reprint (PDF)] |
| 12. | InTlSb alloys for infrared detection E. Bigan, Y.H. Choi, G. Labeyrie, and M. Razeghi Proceedings, SPIE Nonlinear Optics for High-Speed Electronics and Optical Frequency Conversion, Vol. 2145-- January 24, 1994 ...[Visit Journal] InTISb alloys have been grown by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition, and characterized. Photoconductors exhibit a cutoff wavelength that can be tailored from 5.5 μm up to 9 μm by varying the thallium content. Experimental observations suggest that this can be further extended by increasing the thallium content. An InTISb photoconductor having a 9 μm cutoff wavelength exhibited a D* of 109 cm·Hz½·W-1 at 7 μm operating wavelength. [reprint (PDF)] |
| 12. | High Performance Planar Antimony-Based Superlattice Photodetectors Using Zinc Diffusion Grown by MBE Jiakai Li, R. K. Saroj, Steven Slivken, V. H. Nguyen, Gail Brown and Manijeh Razeghi Photonics 2022, 9, 664 ...[Visit Journal] In this letter, we report a mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) planar photodetector based on
InAs/InAsSb type-II superlattices (T2SLs) that has a cut-off wavelength of 4.3 um at 77 K. The
superlattice for the device was grown by molecular beam epitaxy while the planar device structure
was achieved by Zinc diffusion process in a metal–organic chemical vapor deposition reactor. At 77 K,
the peak responsivity and the corresponding quantum efficiency had the value of 1.42 A/W and
48% respectively at 3.7 um under -20 mV for the MWIR planar photodetector. At 77 K, the MWIR
planar photodetector exhibits a dark current density of 2.0E5 A/cm^2 and the R0A value of
~3.0E2 Ohm cm^2 under -20 mV, which yielded a specific detectivity of 4.0E11 cm Hz^(1/2)/W
at 3.7 um. At 150 K, the planar device showed a dark current density of 6.4E-5 A/cm^2 and
a quantum efficiency of 49% at ~3.7 um under -20 mV, which yielded a specific detectivity of
2.0E11 cm Hz^(1/2)/W. [reprint (PDF)] |
| 12. | Quantum-dot infrared photodetectors and focal plane arrays M. Razeghi, H. Lim, S. Tsao, M. Taguchi, W. Zhang, and A.A. Quivy SPIE Infrared Technology and Applications Conference, April 17-21, 2006, Orlando, FL Proceedings – Infrared Technology and Applications XXXII, Vol. 6206, p. 62060I-1-- April 21, 2006 ...[Visit Journal] We report our recent results about mid-wavelength infrared quantum-dot infrared photodetectors (QDIPs) grown by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. A very high responsivity and a very low dark current were obtained. A high peak detectivity of the order of 3×1012 Jones was achieved at 77 K. The temperature dependent device performance was also investigated. The improved temperature insensitivity compared to QWIPs was attributed to the properties of quantum dots. The device showed a background limited performance temperature of 220 K with a 45° field of view and 300K background. [reprint (PDF)] |
| 12. | Near bulk-limited R0A of long-wavelength infrared type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes with polyimide surface passivation Andrew Hood, Pierre-Yves Delaunay, Darin Hoffman, Binh-Minh Nguyen, Yajun Wei, Manijeh Razeghi, and Vaidya Nathan Applied Physics Letters 90, 233513-- June 4, 2007 ...[Visit Journal] Effective surface passivation of Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes with cutoff wavelengths in the long-wavelength infrared is presented. A stable passivation layer, the electrical properties of which do not change as a function of the ambient environment nor time, has been prepared by a solvent-based surface preparation, vacuum desorption, and the application of an insulating polyimide layer. Passivated photodiodes, with dimensions ranging from 400×400 to 25×25 µm2, with a cutoff wavelength of ~11 µm, exhibited near bulk-limited R0A values of ~12 Ω·cm2, surface resistivities in excess of 104 Ω·cm, and very uniform current-voltage behavior at 77 K. [reprint (PDF)] |
| 12. | ZnO nanorod electrodes for hydrogen evolution and storage Harinipriya, S.; Usmani, B.; Rogers, D. J.; Sandana, V. E.; Teherani, F. Hosseini; Lusson, A.; Bove, P.; Drouhin, H.-J.; Razeghi, M. Proc. SPIE 8263, Oxide-based Materials and Devices III, 82631Y (February 9, 2012)-- February 9, 2012 ...[Visit Journal] Due to the attractive combination of a relatively high specific heat of combustion with a large specific energy capacity, molecular hydrogen (H2) is being investigated for use as an alternative to fossil fuels. Energy-efficient H2 production and safe storage remain key technical obstacles to implementation of an H2 based economy, however. ZnO has been investigated for use as an alternative photocatalytic electrode to TiO2 for solarpowered photo-electro-chemical (PEC) electrolysis, in which H2 is generated by direct water splitting in a cell with a metal cathode and a semiconducting anode. In this investigation, ZnO NR grown on Si (100) substrates by pulsed laser deposition were investigated for use as electrodes in the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER). The electrochemical potential and Fermi energy of the ZnO NR were estimated from the electrochemical current density in acid and alkaline solutions via phenomenological thermodynamic analysis. As well as acting as an effective electrocalytic cathode, the ZnO NR appear to operate as a hydrogen reservoir. These results indicate that the ZnO NR have excellent potential for the storage of evolved H2. [reprint (PDF)] |
| 12. | Spatial Noise and Correctability of Type-II InAs/GaSb Focal Plane Arrays P.Y. Delaunay and M. Razeghi IEEE Journal of Quanutm Electronics, April 2010, Vol. 46, No. 4, p. 584-588-- April 1, 2010 ...[Visit Journal] A long wavelength infrared focal plane array based on Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattices was fabricated and characterized at 80 K. The noise equivalent temperature difference of the array was measured as low as 23 mK (f# = 2), for an integration time of 0.129 ms. The spatial noise of the array was dominated by the nonuniformity of the illumination through the circular aperture. A standard two-point nonuniformity correction improved the inhomogeneity equivalent temperature difference to 16 mK. The correctability just after calibration was 0.6. The long-term stability time was superior to 25 hours. [reprint (PDF)] |
| 12. | Performance enhancement of GaN ultraviolet avalanche photodiodes with p-type delta-doping C. Bayram, J.L. Pau, R. McClintock and M. Razeghi Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 92, No. 24, p. 241103-1-- June 16, 2008 ...[Visit Journal] High quality delta-doped p-GaN is used as a means of improving the performance of back-illuminated GaN avalanche photodiodes (APDs). Devices with delta-doped p-GaN show consistently lower leakage current and lower breakdown voltage than those with bulk p-GaN. APDs with delta-doped p-GaN also achieve a maximum multiplication gain of 5.1×104, more than 50 times higher than that obtained in devices with bulk p-GaN. The better device performance of APDs with delta-doped p-GaN is attributed to the higher structural quality of the p-GaN layer achieved via delta-doping. [reprint (PDF)] |
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