Center for Quantum Devices - Most Downloaded Journal Articles

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16.	First room‐temperature cw operation of a GaInAsP/InP light‐emitting diode on a silicon substrate M. Razeghi; R. Blondeau; M. Defour; F. Omnes; P. Maurel; F. Brillouet Appl. Phys. Lett. 53, 854–855 (1988)-- July 4, 1988 ...[Visit Journal] We report in this letter the first successful fabrication of an InP-GalnAsP light-emitting diode, emitting at 1.15 pm grown by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on a silicon substrate. The device has been operated under continuous wave operation at room temperature for 24 h (with an injection current of 200 rnA), and showed no degradation. [reprint (PDF)]
16.	High power quantum cascade lasers M. Razeghi, S. Slivken, Y. Bai, B. Gokden, and S.R. Darvish New Journal of Physics (NJP), Volume 11, p. 125017-- December 1, 2009 ...[Visit Journal] We report the most recent state-of-art quantum cascade laser results at wavelengths around 4.8 and 10 μm. At 4.8 μm, a room temperature wall plug efficiency (WPE) of 22 and 15.5% are obtained in pulsed mode and continuous wave (cw) mode, respectively. Room temperature cw output power reaches 3.4 W. The same laser design is able to reach a WPE of 36% at 120 K in pulsed mode. At 10 μm, room temperature average power of 2.2 W and cw power of 0.62 W are obtained. We also explore lasers utilizing the photonic crystal distributed feedback mechanism, and we demonstrate up to 12 W peak power operation at three different wavelengths around 4.7 μm with a waveguide width of 100 μm and diffraction limited beam quality. [reprint (PDF)]
16.	Background limited performance of long wavelength infrared focal plane arrays fabricated from M-structure InAs-GaSb superlattices P.Y. Delaunay, B.M. Nguyen, D. Hoffman, E.K. Huang, and M. Razeghi IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, Vol. 45, No. 2, p. 157-162.-- February 1, 2009 ...[Visit Journal] The recent introduction of a M-structure design improved both the dark current and R₀A performances of Type-II InAs-GaSb photodiodes. A focal plane array fabricated with this design was characterized at 81 K. The dark current of individual pixels was measured between 1.1 and 1.6 nA, 7 times lower than previous superlattice FPAs. This led to a higher dynamic range and longer integration times. The quantum efficiency of detectors without antireflective coating was 74%. The noise equivalent temperature difference reached 23 mK, limited only by the performance of the testing system and the read out integrated circuit. Background limited performances were demonstrated at 81 K for a 300 K background. [reprint (PDF)]
16.	New frontiers in InP based quantum devices Manijeh Razeghi Indium Phosphide and Related Materials, 2008. IPRM 2008. 20th International Conference on, pp.1,4, (2008)-- May 29, 2008 ...[Visit Journal] Recent research activities taking place at center for quantum devices (CQD) based on InP material system, especially the exploration and demonstration of the state-of-art high performance quantum cascade lasers (QCL), greatly facilitate the understanding of the underlining physical principles governing the device operation. Thanks to the endless effort putting into the semiconductor epitaxy technologies, including the Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) and low pressure metal organic chemical vapor deposition (LP-MOCVD), the world has seen a close approaching to the ultimate band gap engineering. Highly sophisticated man-made heterostructure, which incorporates hundreds of alternating layers of GaInAs/AlInAs with each layer thickness and composition specifically designed, can be created within a single growth. The material quality is evidenced by the atomically abrupt interfaces. The versatility of the band gap engineering is greatly enhanced by the strain-balanced technique, which allows for growing structures with continuously tunable conduction band offset with little defects. As a result, the room temperature continuous wave (CW) wall plug efficiency (WPE) and the maximum achievable output optical power from a single device have been constantly improving. Novel waveguide incorporating the photonic crystal distributed feedback (PCDFB) mechanism is also investigated with satisfactory preliminary results. [reprint (PDF)]
16.	High differential resistance type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes for the long-wavelength infrared A. Hood, D. Hoffman, B.M. Nguyen, P.Y. Delaunay, E. Michel and M. Razeghi Applied Physics Letters, 89 (9)-- August 28, 2006 ...[Visit Journal] Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes with a 50% cutoff wavelength ranging from 11 to 13 μm are presented. Optimization of diffusion limited photodiodes provided superlattice structures for improved injection efficiency in direct injection hybrid focal plane array applications. [reprint (PDF)]
16.	Advanced Monolithic Quantum Well Infrared Photodetector Focal Plane Array Integrated with Silicon Readout Integrated Circuit J. Jiang, S. Tsao, K. Mi, M. Razeghi, G.J. Brown, C. Jelen and M.Z. Tidrow Infrared Physics and Technology, 46 (3)-- January 1, 2005 ...[Visit Journal] Today, most infrared focal plane arrays (FPAs) utilize a hybrid scheme. To achieve higher device reliability and lower cost, monolithic FPAs with Si based readout integrated circuits (ROICs) are the trend of the future development. In this paper, two approaches for monolithic FPAs are proposed: double sided integration and selective epitaxy integration. For comparison, the fabrication process for hybrid quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIP) FPAs are also described. Many problems, such as the growth of QWIPs on Si substrate and processing incompatibility between Si and III–V semiconductors, need to be solved before monolithic FPAs can be realized. Experimental work on GaInAs/InP QWIP-on-Si is given in this paper. A record high detectivity of 2.3×10⁹ jones was obtained for one QWIP-on-Si detector at 77 K. [reprint (PDF)]
16.	High Quantum Efficiency Solar-Blind Photodetectors R. McClintock, A. Yasan, K. Mayes, D. Shiell, S. Darvish, P. Kung and M. Razeghi SPIE Conference, Jose, CA, Vol. 5359, pp. 434-- January 25, 2004 ...[Visit Journal] We report AlGaN-based back-illuminated solar-blind p-i-n photodetectors with a record peak responsivity of 150 mA/W at 280 nm, corresponding to a high external quantum efficiency of 68%, increasing to 74% under 5 volts reverse bias. Through optimization of the p-AlGaN layer, we were able to remove the out-of-band negative photoresponse originating from the Schottky-like p-type metal contact, and hence significantly improve the degree of solar-blindness [reprint (PDF)]
16.	Toward realization of small-size dual-band long-wavelength infrared photodetectors based on InAs/GaSb/AlSb type-II superlattices Romain Chevallier, Abbas Haddadi, Manijeh Razeghi Solid-State Electronics 136, pp. 51-54-- June 20, 2017 ...[Visit Journal] In this study, we demonstrate 12 × 12 µm² high-performance, dual-band, long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) photodetectors based on InAs/GaSb/AlSb type-II superlattices. The structure consists of two back-to-back heterojunction photodiodes with 2 µm-thick p-doped absorption regions. High quality dry etching combined with SiO₂ passivation results in a surface resistivity value of 7.9 × 10⁵ Ω·cm for the longer (red) channel and little degradation of the electrical performance. The device reaches dark current density values of 4.5 × 10⁻⁴ A/cm² for the longer (red) and 1.3 × 10⁻⁴ A/cm² for the shorter (blue) LWIR channels at quantum efficiency saturation. It has 50% cut-off wavelengths of 8.3 and 11.2 µm for the blue and red channel, respectively, at 77 K in back-side illumination configuration and exhibits quantum efficiencies of 37% and 29%, respectively. This results in specific detectivity values of 2.5 × 10¹¹ cm·Hz^½/W and 1.3 × 10¹¹ cm·Hz^½/W at 77 K. [reprint (PDF)]
16.	Long-Wavelength InAsSb Photoconductors Operated at Near Room Temperatures (200-300 K) J.D. Kim, D. Wu, J. Wojkowski, J. Piotrowski, J. Xu, and M. Razeghi Applied Physics Letters., 68 (1),-- January 1, 1996 ...[Visit Journal] Long-wavelength InAs_1−xSb_x photoconductors operated without cryogenic cooling are reported. The devices are based on p-InAs_1−xSb_x/p-InSb heterostructures grown on (100) semi-insulating GaAs substrates by low pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (LP‐MOCVD). Photoreponse up to 14 μm has been obtained in a sample with x=0.77 at 300 K, which is in good agreement with the measured infrared absorption spectra. The corresponding effective lifetime of ≊0.14 ns at 300 K has been derived from stationary photoconductivity. The Johnson noise limited detectivity at λ=10.6 μm is estimated to be about 3.27×10⁷ cm· Hz^½/W at 300 K. [reprint (PDF)]
16.	Very High Average Power at Room Temperature from λ ~ 5.9 μm Quantum Cascade Lasers J.S. Yu, S. Slivken, A. Evans, J. David and M. Razeghi Virtual Journal of Nanoscale Science & Technology 26-- May 26, 2003 ...[Visit Journal][reprint (PDF)]
16.	Deep Fe and intrinsic defect levels in Ga0.47In0.53As/InP K.‐H. Goetz; D. Bimberg; K.‐A. Brauchle; H. Jürgensen; J. Selders; M. Razeghi; E. Kuphal K.‐H. Goetz, D. Bimberg, K.‐A. Brauchle, H. Jürgensen, J. Selders, M. Razeghi, E. Kuphal; Deep Fe and intrinsic defect levels in Ga0.47In0.53As/InP. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1 February 1985; 46-- February 1, 1985 ...[Visit Journal] Two deep traps in Ga0.47In0.53As/InP:Fe at a depth of 110 meV and 150 meV, respectively, are observed for the first time using low‐temperature photoluminescence and deep level transient spectroscopy. The dependence of luminescence intensity on the growth process itself (liquid phase epitaxy, vapor phase epitaxy, and metalorganic chemical vapor deposition) and its parameters (growth temperature, layer thickness) and the substrate doping is reported and leads to the unambigous identification of the 150‐meV acceptorlike trap as being caused by Fe impurities. Fe diffuses from the substrate to the epitaxial layer during the growth process. This outdiffusion is less pronounced for layers grown at lower temperature. The level at 110 meV which is also observed in layers grown on InP:S substrate is tentatively assigned to an intrinsic defect of Ga0.47In0.53As. [reprint (PDF)]
16.	Investigation of the factors influencing nanostructure array growth by PLD towards reproducible wafer-scale growth Vinod E. Sandana; David. J. Rogers; Ferechteh Hosseini Teherani; Philippe Bove; Manijeh Razeghi physica status solidi (a) Applications and Materials Science. Volume 211, Issue 2, pages 449–454, (February 2014)-- January 14, 2014 ...[Visit Journal] The growth of catalyst-free ZnO nanostructure arrays on silicon (111) substrates by pulsed laser deposition was investigated. Without an underlayer, randomly oriented, micron-scale structures were obtained. Introduction of a c-axis oriented ZnO underlayer resulted in denser arrays of vertically oriented nanostructures with either tapering, vertical-walled or broadening forms, depending on background Ar pressure. Nanostructure pitch seemed to be determined by underlayer grain size while nanostructure widths could be narrowed from ∼100–500 to ∼10–50 nm by a 50 °C increase in growth temperature. A dimpled underlayer topography correlated with the moth-eye type arrays while a more granular surface was linked to vertically walled nanocolumns. Between-wafer reproducibility was demonstrated for both moth-eye and vertical nanocolumn arrays. Broadening nanostructures proved difficult to replicate, however. Full 2 inch wafer coverage was obtained by rastering the target with the laser beam. [reprint (PDF)]
16.	Advances in APDs for UV astronomy Melville P. Ulmer; Ryan M. McClintock; Jose L. Pau; Manijeh Razeghi Proc. SPIE 6686, UV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Space Instrumentation for Astronomy XV, 668605 (September 13, 2007)-- November 13, 2007 ...[Visit Journal] We report the most recent work of our group of the development of avalanche photo diodes based on (Al)GaN. The goal of this group is to achieve single photon counting. In this paper we first give the scientific motivation for making such a device in the context of UV astronomy and then describe current work and plans for future development. The development includes improving the sensitivity to be able to carry out single photon detection and the fabrication of arrays. [reprint (PDF)]
16.	Avalanche Photodetector Based on InAs/InSb Superlattice Arash Dehzangi, Jiakai Li, Lakshay Gautam and Manijeh Razeghi Quantum rep. 2020, 2(4), 591-599; https://doi.org/10.3390/quantum2040041 (registering DOI)-- December 4, 2020 ...[Visit Journal] This work demonstrates a mid-wavelength infrared InAs/InSb superlattice avalanche photodiode (APD). The superlattice APD structure was grown by molecular beam epitaxy on GaSb substrate. The device exhibits a 100 % cut-off wavelength of 4.6 µm at 150 K and 4.30 µm at 77 K. At 150 and 77 K, the device responsivity reaches peak values of 2.49 and 2.32 A/W at 3.75 µm under −1.0 V applied bias, respectively. The device reveals an electron dominated avalanching mechanism with a gain value of 6 at 150 K and 7.4 at 77 K which was observed under −6.5 V bias voltage. The gain value was measured at different temperatures and different diode sizes. The electron and hole impact ionization coefficients were calculated and compared to give a better prospect of the performance of the device. [reprint (PDF)]
16.	Optical Investigations of GaAs-GaInP Quantum Wells and Superlattices Grown by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition Omnes F., and Razeghi M. Applied Physics Letters 59 (9), p. 1034-- May 28, 1991 ...[Visit Journal] Recent experimental results on the photoluminescence and photoluminescence excitation of GaAs‐Ga_0.51In_0.49P lattice‐matched quantum wells and superlattices are discussed. The full width at half maximum of a 10‐period GaAs‐GaInP superlattice with Lz=90 Å and LB=100 Å is 4 meV at 4 K. The photoluminescence excitation exhibits very sharp peaks attributed to the electron to light‐hole and electron to heavy‐hole transitions. The GaInP‐GaAs interface suffers from memory effect of In, rather than P or As elements. [reprint (PDF)]
16.	Suppression of surface leakage in gate controlled type-II InAs/GaSb mid-infrared photodetectors G. Chen; B.-M. Nguyen; A.M. Hoang; E.K. Huang; S.R. Darvish; M. Razeghi Proc. SPIE 8268, Quantum Sensing and Nanophotonic Devices IX, 826811 (January 20, 2012)-- January 20, 2012 ...[Visit Journal] One of the biggest challenges of improving the electrical performance in Type II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodetector is suppressing the surface leakage. Surface leakage screens important bulk dark current mechanisms, and brings difficulty and uncertainty to the material optimization and bulk intrinsic parameters extraction such as carrier lifetime and mobility. Most of surface treatments were attempted beyond the mid-infrared (MWIR) regime because compared to the bulk performance, surface leakage in MWIR was generally considered to be a minor factor. In this work, we show that below 150K, surface leakage still strongly affects the electrical performance of the very high bulk performance p-π-M-n MWIR photon detectors. With gating technique, we can effectively eliminate the surface leakage in a controllable manner. At 110K, the dark current density of a 4.7 μm cut-off gated photon diode is more than 2 orders of magnitude lower than the current density in SiO₂ passivated ungated diode. With a quantum efficiency of 48%, the specific detecivity of gated diodes attains 2.5 x 10¹⁴ cm·Hz^1/2/W, which is 3.6 times higher than that of ungated diodes. [reprint (PDF)]
16.	Room temperature continuous wave operation of quantum cascade lasers with watt-level optical power Y. Bai, S.R. Darvish, S. Slivken, W. Zhang, A. Evans, J. Nguyen and M. Razeghi Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 92, No. 10, p. 101105-1-- March 10, 2008 ...[Visit Journal] We demonstrate quantum cascade lasers at an emitting wavelength of 4.6 µm, which are capable of room temperature, high power continuous wave (cw) operation. Buried ridge geometry with a width of 9.8 µm was utilized. A device with a 3 mm cavity length that was epilayer-down bonded on a diamond submount exhibited a maximum output power of 1.3 W at room temperature in cw operation. The maximum output power at 80 K was measured to be 4 W, with a wall plug efficiency of 27%. [reprint (PDF)]
16.	Negative luminescence of long-wavelength InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes D. Hoffman, A. Hood, Y. Wei, A. Gin, F. Fuchs, and M. Razeghi Applied Physics Letters 87 (20)-- November 14, 2005 ...[Visit Journal] The electrically pumped emission behavior of binary type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes has been studied in the spectral range between 8 µm and 13 µm. With a radiometric calibration of the experimental setup, the internal and external quantum efficiency has been determined in the temperature range between 80 K and 300 K for both, the negative and positive luminescence. The negative luminescence efficiency approaches values as high as 35% without antireflection coating. The temperature dependence of the internal quantum efficiency near zero-bias voltage allows for the determination of the electron-hole-electron Auger recombination coefficient of Γ_n=1×10²⁴ cm⁶ s^–1. [reprint (PDF)]
16.	Continuous-wave room-temperature operation of InGaN/GaN multiquantum well lasers grown by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition M. Razeghi, A. Saxler, P. Kung, D. Walker, X. Zhang, A. Rybaltowski, Y. Xiao, H.J. Yi and J. Diaz SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA, Vol. 3284, pp. 113-- January 28, 1998 ...[Visit Journal] Continuous-wave (CW) room temperature operation of InGaN/GaN multi-quantum well (MQW) lasers is reported. Far-field beam divergence as narrow as 13 degrees and 20 degrees for parallel and perpendicular directions to epilayer planes were measured, respectively. The MQW lasers showed strong beam polarization anisotropy as consistent with QW laser gain theory. Dependencies of threshold current on cavity-length and temperature are also consistent with conventional laser theory. No significant degradation in laser characteristics was observed during lifetime testing for over 140 hours of CW room temperature operation. [reprint (PDF)]
16.	UV photodetectors based on Al_xGa_1-xN grown by MOCVD A. Saxler, D. Walker, X. Zhang, P. Kung, J. Xu, and M. Razeghi SPIE Photonics West '96 Photodetectors: Materials and Devices; Proceedings 2685-- January 27, 1996 ...[Visit Journal] Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition was used to deposit Al_xGa_1-xN active layers with varying aluminum compositions on basal plane sapphire substrate. Al_xGa_1-xN (x < 0.5) ultraviolet photodetectors have been fabricated and characterized with cut-off wavelengths as short as 260 nm. Carrier lifetimes on the order of 10 milliseconds were estimated from frequency dependent measurements of the responsivity. [reprint (PDF)]
16.	InTlSb alloys for infrared detection E. Bigan, Y.H. Choi, G. Labeyrie, and M. Razeghi Proceedings, SPIE Nonlinear Optics for High-Speed Electronics and Optical Frequency Conversion, Vol. 2145-- January 24, 1994 ...[Visit Journal] InTISb alloys have been grown by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition, and characterized. Photoconductors exhibit a cutoff wavelength that can be tailored from 5.5 μm up to 9 μm by varying the thallium content. Experimental observations suggest that this can be further extended by increasing the thallium content. An InTISb photoconductor having a 9 μm cutoff wavelength exhibited a D* of 10⁹ cm·Hz^½·W^-1 at 7 μm operating wavelength. [reprint (PDF)]
16.	EPR Investigations of a Structural Phase Change in Lead Phosphate M. RAZEGHI M. RAZEGHI: EPR Investigations of a Structural Phase Change phys. stat. sol. (b) 108, 175 (1981)-- November 1, 1981 ...[Visit Journal] The temperature dependence of the EPR line width of the Mn2+ and Gd3+ in Pb3(PO4)2 is investigated from -270 to 500 °C. At the first-order ferroelastic transition point (180 °C), an abrupt change in the fine-structure splitting as well as in the resonance line width is observed. Various contributions to fine structure D and E parameters of Mn2+ and Gd3+ are computed, using a point-multipole model. For temperatures near to Tc the correlation time of the fluctuations is estimated to be greater than 10−9. [reprint (PDF)]
16.	High power, high wall-plug efficiency, high reliability, continuous-wave operation quantum cascade lasers at Center for Quantum Devices Razeghi, Manijeh SPIE Proceedings Volume 11296, Optical, Opto-Atomic, and Entanglement-Enhanced Precision Metrology II; 112961C-- February 25, 2020 ...[Visit Journal] Since the demonstration of the first quantum cascade laser (QCL) in 1997, QCLs have undergone considerable developments in output power, wall plug efficiency (WPE), beam quality, wavelength coverage and tunability. Among them, many world-class breakthroughs were achieved at the Center for Quantum Device at Northwestern University. In this paper, we will discuss the recent progress of our research and present the main contributions of the Center for Quantum Devices to the QCL family on high power, high wall-plug efficiency (WPE), continuous-wave (CW) and room temperature operation lasers. [reprint (PDF)]
16.	Effects of substrate quality and orientation on the characteristics of III-nitride resonant tunneling diodes Z. Vashaei, C. Bayram, R. McClintock and M. Razeghi SPIE Proceedings, San Francisco, CA (January 22-27, 2011), Vol 7945, p. 79451A-- January 23, 2011 ...[Visit Journal] Al(Ga)N/GaN resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs) are grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. The effects of material quality on room temperature negative differential resistance (NDR) behaviour of RTDs are investigated by growing the RTD structure on AlN, GaN, and lateral epitaxial overgrowth GaN templates. This reveals that NDR characteristics of RTDs are very sensitive to material quality (such as surface roughness and dislocations density). The effects of the aluminum content of AlGaN double barriers (DB) and polarization fields on NDR characteristic of AlGaN/GaN RTDs were also investigated by employing low dislocation density c-plane (polar) and m-plane (nonpolar) freestanding GaN substrates. Lower aluminum content in the DB RTD active layer and minimization of dislocations and polarization fields enabled a more reliable and reproducible NDR behaviour at room temperature. [reprint (PDF)]
16.	Extended short wavelength infrared heterojunction phototransistors based on type II superlattices Arash Dehzangi , Ryan McClintock, Donghai Wu , Abbas Haddadi, Romain Chevallier , and Manijeh Razeghi Applied Physics Letters 114, 191109-- May 17, 2019 ...[Visit Journal] A two terminal extended short wavelength infrared heterojunction phototransistor based on type-II InAs/AlSb/GaSb on a GaSb substrate is designed, fabricated, and investigated. With the base thickness of 40 nm, the device exhibited a 100% cut-off wavelength of 2.3 λ at 300 K. The saturated peak responsivity value is 320.5 A/W at 300 K, under front-side illumination without any antireflection coating. A saturated optical gain of 245 at 300K was measured. At the same temperature, the device exhibited a collector dark current density (at unity optical gain) and a DC current gain of 7.8 X 10³ A/cm² and 1100, respectively. The device exhibited a saturated dark current shot noise limited specific detectivity of 4.9 X 10¹¹ cm·Hz^½/W at 300 K which remains constant over a broad range of wavelengths and applied biases. [reprint (PDF)]

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