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16.  GaN-based nanostructured photodetectors
J.L. Pau, C. Bayram, P. Giedraitis, R. McClintock, and M. Razeghi
SPIE Proceedings, San Jose, CA Volume 7222-14-- January 26, 2009 ...[Visit Journal]
The use of nanostructures in semiconductor technology leads to the observation of new phenomena in device physics. Further quantum and non-quantum effects arise from the reduction of device dimension to a nanometric scale. In nanopillars, quantum confinement regime is only revealed when the lateral dimensions are lower than 50 nm. For larger mesoscopic systems, quantum effects are not observable but surface states play a key role and make the properties of nanostructured devices depart from those found in conventional devices. In this work, we present the fabrication of GaN nanostructured metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) and p-i-n photodiodes (PIN PDs) by e-beam lithography, as well as the investigation of their photoelectrical properties at room temperature. The nanopillar height and diameter are about 520 nm and 200 nm, respectively. MSMs present dark currents densities of 0.4 A/cm2 at ±100 V. A strong increase of the optical response with bias is observed, resulting in responsivities higher than 1 A/W. The relationship between this gain mechanism and surface states is discussed. PIN PDs yield peak responsivities (Rpeak) of 35 mA/W at -4 V and show an abnormal increase of the response (Rpeak > 100 A/W) under forward biases. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  Growth of GaInAs‐InP multiquantum wells on garnet (GGG=Gd3Ga5O12) substrate by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition
M. Razeghi; P‐L. Meunier; P. Maurel
M. Razeghi, P‐L. Meunier, P. Maurel; Growth of GaInAs‐InP multiquantum wells on garnet (GGG=Gd3Ga5O12) substrate by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. J. Appl. Phys. 15 March 1986; 59 (6): 2261–2263-- March 15, 1986 ...[Visit Journal]
Ga0.47In0.53As‐InP multiquantum wells grown by low‐pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on garnet (GGG=Gd3Ga5O12 with a=12.383 Å) substrates are presented for the first time. The x‐ray diffraction pattern shows that the orientation of the epitaxial layer is (111) while the underlying substrate orientation is (100). The photoluminescence at 77 K is due to the GaInAs layers. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  High performance Zn-diffused planar mid-wavelength infrared type-II InAs/InAs1-xSbx superlattice photodetector by MOCVD
Donghai Wu, Arash Dehzangi, Jiakai Li, and Manijeh Razeghi
Appl. Phys. Lett. 116, 161108-- April 21, 2020 ...[Visit Journal]
We report a Zn-diffused planar mid-wavelength infrared photodetector based on type-II InAs/InAs1-xSbx superlattices. Both the superlattice growth and Zn diffusion were performed in a metal-organic chemical vapor deposition system. At 77K, the photodetector exhibits a peak responsivity of 0.70A/W at 3.65λ, corresponding to a quantum efficiency of 24% at zero bias without anti-reflection coating, with a 50% cutoff wavelength of 4.28λ. With an R0A value of 3.2x105 Ω·cm2 and a dark current density of 9.6x10-8 A/cm² bias of -20mV at 77K, the photodetector exhibits a specific detectivity of 2.9x1012cm·Hz½/W. At 150K, the photodetector exhibits a dark current density of 9.1x10-6 A/cm² and a quantum efficiency of 25%, resulting in a detectivity of 3.4x1011cm·Hz/W. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  InAsSb/InAsP strained-layer superlattice injection lasers operating at 4.0 μm grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition
B. Lane, Z. Wu, A. Stein, J. Diaz, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 74 (23)-- June 7, 1999 ...[Visit Journal]
We report high power mid-infrared electrical injection operation of laser diodes based on InAsSb/InAsP strained-layer superlattices grown on InAs substrate by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. The broad-area laser diodes with 100 μm aperture and 1800 μm cavity length demonstrate peak output powers of 546 and 94 mW in pulsed and cw operation respectively at 100 K with a threshold current density as low as 100 A/cm². [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  Fabrication of GaN Nanotubular Material using MOCVD with an Aluminium Oxide Membrane
W.G. Jung, S.H. Jung, P. Kung, and M. Razeghi
Nanotechnology 17-- January 1, 2006 ...[Visit Journal]
GaN nanotubular material is fabricated with an aluminium oxide membrane in MOCVD. SEM, XRD, TEM and PL are employed to characterize the fabricated GaN nanotubular material. An aluminium oxide membrane with ordered nanoholes is used as a template. Gallium nitride is deposited at the inner wall of the nanoholes in the aluminium oxide template, and the nanotubular material with high aspect ratio is synthesized using the precursors of TMG and ammonia gas. Optimal synthesis conditions in MOCVD are obtained successfully for the gallium nitride nanotubular material in this research. The diameter of the GaN nanotube fabricated is approximately 200–250 nm and the wall thickness is about 40–50 nm. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  High-Power Continuous-Wave Operation of Quantum-Cascade Lasers Up to 60 °C
J.S. Yu, A. Evans, J. David, L. Doris, S. Slivken and M. Razeghi
IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 16 (3)-- March 1, 2004 ...[Visit Journal]
High-temperature high-power continuous-wave (CW) operation of high-reflectivity-coated 12 μm wide quantum-cascade lasers emitting at λ = 6 μm with a thick electroplated Au top contact layer is reported for different cavity lengths. For a 3 mm long laser, the CW optical output powers of 381 mW at 293 K and 22 mW at maximum operating temperature of 333 K (60°C) are achieved with threshold current densities of 1.93 and 3.09 kA/cm2, respectively. At 298 K, the same cavity gives a maximum wall plug efficiency of 3.17% at 1.07 A. An even higher CW optical output power of 424 mW at 293 K is obtained for a 4-mm-long laser and the device also operates up to 332 K with an output power of 14 mW. Thermal resistance is also analyzed at threshold as a function of cavity length. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  Roadmap of Semiconductor Infrared Lasers and Detectors for the 21st Century
M. Razeghi
SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA, -- January 27, 1999 ...[Visit Journal]
Since the first discovery, semiconductor infrared lasers and detectors have found many various applications in military, communications, medical, and industry sections. In this paper, the current status of semiconductor infrared lasers and detectors will be reviewed. Advantages and disadvantages of different methods and techniques is discussed later. Some basic physical limitations of current technology are studied and the direction to overcome these problems will be suggested. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  High-power laser diodes based on InGaAsP alloys
M. Razeghi
Nature, Vol.369, p.631-633-- June 23, 1994 ...[Visit Journal]
HIGH-POWER, high-coherence solid-state lasers, based on dielectric materials such as ruby or Nd:YAG (yttrium aluminium garnet), have many civilian and military applications. The active media in these lasers are insulating, and must therefore be excited (or ‘pumped’) by optical, rather than electrical, means. Conventional gas-discharge lamps can be used as the pumping source, but semiconductor diode lasers are more efficient, as their wavelength can be tailored to match the absorption properties of the lasing material. Semiconducting AlGaAs alloys are widely used for this purpose, but oxidation of the aluminium and the spreading of defects during device operation limit the lifetime of the diodes3, and hence the reliability of the system as a whole. Aluminium-free InGaAsP compounds, on the other hand, do not have these lifetime-limiting properties. We report here the fabrication of high-power lasers based on InGaAsP (lattice-matched to GaAs substrates), which operate over the same wavelength range as conventional AlGaAs laser diodes and show significantly improved reliability. The other optical and electrical properties of these diodes are either comparable or superior to those of the AlGaAs system. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  Intersubband hole absorption in GaAs-GaInP Quantum Wells grown by Gas Source Molecular Beam Epitaxy
J. Hoff, C. Jelen, S. Slivken, E. Michel, O. Duchemin, E. Bigan, and M. Razeghi with G. Brown and S.M. Hegde (Wright Laboratory)
Applied Physics Letters 65 (9)-- August 29, 1994 ...[Visit Journal]
P-doped GaAs‐GaInP quantum wells have been grown on GaAs substrate by gas source molecular beam epitaxy. Structural quality has been evidenced by x-ray diffraction. A narrow low-temperature photoluminescence full width at half‐maximum has been measured. Strong hole intersubband absorption has been observed at 9 μm, and its dependence on light polarization has been investigated. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  Electrically pumped photonic crystal distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers
Y. Bai, S.R. Darvish, S. Slivken, P. Sung, J. Nguyen, A. Evans, W. Zhang, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 91, No. 14, p. 141123-1-- October 1, 2007 ...[Visit Journal]
We demonstrate electrically pumped, room temperature, single mode operation of photonic crystal distributed feedback (PCDFB) quantum cascade lasers emitting at ~4.75 µm. Ridge waveguides of 100 µm width were fabricated with both PCDFB and Fabry-Pérot feedback mechanisms. The Fabry-Pérot device has a broad emitting spectrum and a double lobed far-field character. The PCDFB device, as expected, has primarily a single spectral mode and a diffraction limited far field characteristic with a full angular width at half maximum of 2.4°. This accomplishment represents the first step in power scaling of single mode, midinfrared laser diodes operating at room temperature. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  Temperature insensitivity of the Al-free InGaAsP/GaAs lasers for λ = 808 and 908 nm
M. Razeghi, H. Yi, J. Diaz, S. Kim, and M. Erdtmann
SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA; Proceedings 3001-- February 12, 1997 ...[Visit Journal]
n this work, we present our recent achievements for the reliability of the Al-free lasers at high temperatures and high powers. Laser operations up to 30,000 hours were achieved without any degradation in the lasers characteristics from 7 randomly selected InGaAsP/GaAs diodes for λ = 808 nm. The test were performed for lasers without mirror-coating for optical power of 0.5 to 1 W CW at 50 approximately 60 °C. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first direct demonstration of the extremely high reliability of Al-free diodes operations at high powers and temperatures for periods of time much longer than practical need (approximately 3 years). The characteristics during the tests are discussed in detail. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  Use of Sacrificial Zinc Oxide Template Layers for Epitaxial Lift-Off of Yttria-Stabilised Zirconia Thin Films
D. J. Rogers, T. Maroutian, V. E. Sandana, P. Lecoeur, F. H. Teherani, P. Bove and M. Razeghi
Proc. of SPIE 11687, 116872C (2021) ...[Visit Journal]
275 nm-thick Yttria-stabilised zirconia (YSZ) layers were grown on 240 nm-thick epitaxial (0002)-oriented ZnO buffer layers on c-sapphire substrates by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies revealed high quality epitaxial growth with the YSZ having a preferential (111) orientation and a root mean square surface roughness of 1.4 nm over an area of 10 um x 10 um. The YSZ top surface was then temporary bonded to an Apiezon W wax carrier and the sample was immersed in 0.1M HCl so as to preferentially etch/dissolve away the ZnO underlayer and release of the YSZ from the sapphire substrate. XRD revealed only the characteristic (111) peak of YSZ after lift-off and thus confirmed both the dissolution of the ZnO and the preservation of the crystallographic integrity of the YSZ on the wax carrier. Optical and Atomic Force Microscopy revealed some buckling, roughening and cracking of the lifted YSZ, however, which was probably due to tensile epitaxial strain release. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  Determination of of Band Gap Energy of Al1-xInxN Grown by Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition in the High Al Composition Regime
K.S. Kim, A. Saxler, P. Kung, M. Razeghi, and K.Y. Lim
Applied Physics Letters 71 (6)-- August 11, 1997 ...[Visit Journal]
Ternary AlInN was grown by metal–organic chemical-vapor deposition in the high Al composition regime. The band-gap energy of AlInN ternary was measured by optical absorption spectroscopy at room temperature. The band-gap energy of Al0.92In0.08N is 5.26 eV. The potential application of AlInN as a barrier material for GaN is also discussed. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  AlGaN-based deep UV light emitting diodes with peak emission below 255 nm
A. Yasan, R. McClintock, K. Mayes, P. Kung, and M. Razeghi
SPIE Conference, Jose, CA, Vol. 5732, pp. 197-- January 22, 2005 ...[Visit Journal]
We report on the growth and fabrication of AlGaN-based deep ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with peak emission of below 255 nm. In order to achieve such short wavelength UV LEDs, the Al mole fractions in the device layers should be greater than ~60%. This introdues serious challenges on the growth and doping of AlxGa1-xN epilayers. However, with the aid of a high-quality AlN template layer and refinement of the growth conditions we have been able to demonstrate UV LEDs emitting below 255 nm. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  Pressure-induced depopulation of the first excited subband in GaInAs/InP heterojunctions
D Gauthier, J C Portal and M Razeghi
D Gauthier et al 1989 Semicond. Sci. Technol. 4 218-- December 8, 1988 ...[Visit Journal]
Following our previous work on (GalnAs)/(lnP) heterojunctions under hydrostatic pressure we present recent experimental results where the evidence for the total depopulation of the first excited electric subband with pressure is demonstrated. The total electron concentration decreases at a rate of 2.7% kbar”, much higher than in previous experiments. The experimental situation can be fitted with the triangular-well approximation if we both assume the change with pressure of the conduction band discontinuity AE, and the deepening of a deep impurity level with activation energy of the order 160 meV at zero pressure. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  Gain and recombination dynamics in photodetectors made with quantum nanostructures: The quantum dot in a well and the quantum well
B. Movaghar, S. Tsao, S. Abdollahi Pour, T. Yamanaka, and M. Razeghi
Physical Review B, Vol. 78, No. 11-- September 15, 2008 ...[Visit Journal]
We consider the problem of charge transport and recombination in semiconductor quantum well infrared photodetectors and quantum-dot-in-a-well infrared detectors. The photoexcited carrier relaxation is calculated using rigorous random-walk and diffusion methods, which take into account the finiteness of recombination cross sections, and if necessary the memory of the carrier generation point. In the present application, bias fields are high and it is sufficient to consider the drift limited regime. The photoconductive gain is discussed in a quantum-mechanical language, making it more transparent, especially with regard to understanding the bias and temperature dependence. Comparing experiment and theory, we can estimate the respective recombination times. The method developed here applies equally well to nanopillar structures, provided account is taken of changes in mobility and trapping. Finally, we also derive formulas for the photocurrent time decays, which in a clean system at high bias are sums of two exponentials. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  RT-CW: widely tunable semiconductor THz QCL sources
M. Razeghi; Q. Y. Lu
Proceedings Volume 9934, Terahertz Emitters, Receivers, and Applications, 993406-1-- September 26, 2017 ...[Visit Journal]
Distinctive position of Terahertz (THz) frequencies (ν~0.3 -10 THz) in the electromagnetic spectrum with their lower quantum energy compared to IR and higher frequency compared to microwave range allows for many potential applications unique to them. Especially in the security side of the THz sensing applications, the distinct absorption spectra of explosives and related compounds in the range of 0.1–5 THz makes THz technology a competitive technique for detecting hidden explosives. A compact, high power, room temperature continuous wave terahertz source emitting in a wide frequency range will greatly boost the THz applications for the diagnosis and detection of explosives. Here we present a new strong-coupled strain-balanced quantum cascade laser design for efficient THz generation based intracavity DFG. Room temperature continuous wave operation with electrical frequency tuning range of 2.06-4.35 THz is demonstrated [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  High Frequency Extended Short-Wavelength Infrared Heterojunction Photodetectors Based on InAs/GaSb/AlSb Type-II Superlattices
Romain Chevallier, Abbas Haddadi, Ryan McClintock, Arash Dehzangi , Victor Lopez-Dominguez, Pedram Khalili Amiri, Manijeh Razeghi
IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, VOL. 54, NO. 6-- December 1, 2018 ...[Visit Journal]
InAs/GaSb/AlSb type-II superlattice-based photodetectors, with 50% cut-off wavelength of 2.1 µm and a −3 dB cut-off frequency of 4.8 GHz, are demonstrated, for 10 µm diameter circular mesas under 15 V applied reverse bias. A study of the cut-off frequency with applied bias and mesa size was performed to evaluate some of the limiting factors of photodetectors high frequency performance. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  Type-II InAs/GaSb photodiodes and focal plane arrays aimed at high operating temperatures
M. Razeghi, S. Abdollahi Pour, E.K. Huang, G. Chen, A. Haddadi, and B.M. Nguyen
Opto-Electronics Review (OER), Vol. 19, No. 3, June 2011, p. 46-54-- June 1, 2011 ...[Visit Journal]
Recent efforts to improve the performance of type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes and focal plane arrays (FPA) have been reviewed. The theoretical bandstructure models have been discussed first. A review of recent developments in growth and characterization techniques is given. The efforts to improve the performance of MWIR photodiodes and focal plane arrays (FPAs) have been reviewed and the latest results have been reported. It is shown that these improvements has resulted in background limited performance (BLIP) of single element photodiodes up to 180 K. FPA shows a constant noise equivalent temperature difference (NEDT) of 11 mK up to 120 K and it shows human body imaging up to 170 K. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  Recent Advances in LWIR Type-II InAs/GaSb Superlattice Photodetectors and Focal Plane Arrays at the Center for Quantum Devices
M. Razeghi, D. Hoffman, B.M. Nguyen, P.Y. Delaunay, E.K. Huang, M.Z. Tidrow, and V. Nathan
IEEE Proceedings, Vol. 97, No. 6, p. 1056-1066-- June 1, 2009 ...[Visit Journal]
In recent years, Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photo-detectors have experienced significant improvements in material quality, structural designs, and imaging applications. They now appear to be a possible alternative to the state-of-the-art HgCdTe (MCT) technology in the long and very long wavelength infrared regimes. At the Center for Quantum Devices, we have successfully realized very high quantum efficiency, very high dynamic differential resistance R0A - product LWIR Type – II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes with efficient surface passivation techniques. The demonstration of high quality LWIR Focal Plane Arrays that were 100 % fabricated in - house reaffirms the pioneer position of this university-based laboratory. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  High-performance, continuous-wave operation of λ ~ 4.6 μm quantum-cascade lasers above room temperature
J.S. Yu, S. Slivken, A. Evans and M. Razeghi
IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, Vol. 44, No. 8, p. 747-754-- August 1, 2008 ...[Visit Journal]
We report the high-performance continuous-wave (CW) operation of 10-μm-wide quantum-cascade lasers (QCLs) emitting at λ ~ 4.6 μm, based on the GaInAs–AlInAs material without regrowth, in epilayer-up and -down bonding configurations. The operational characteristics of QCLs such as the maximum average power, peak output power, CW output power, and maximum CW operating temperature are investigated, depending on cavity length. Also, important device parameters, i.e., the waveguide loss, the transparency current density, the modal gain, and the internal quantum efficiency, are calculated from length-dependent results. For a high-reflectivity (HR) coated 4-mm-long cavity with epilayer-up bonding, the highest maximum average output power of 633 mW is measured at 65% duty cycle, with 469 mW still observed at 100%. The laser exhibits the maximum wall-plug efficiencies of 8.6% and 3.1% at 298 K, in pulsed and CW operatons, respectively. From 298 to 393 K, the temperature dependent threshold current density in pulsed operation shows a high characteristic temperature of 200 K. The use of an epilayer-down bonding further improves the device performance. A CW output power of 685 mW at 288 K is achieved for the 4-micron-long cavity. At 298 K, the output power of 590 mW, threshold current density of 1.52 kA / cm2, and maximum wall-plug efficiency of 3.73% are obtained under CW mode, operating up to 363 K (90 °C). For HR coated 3-micron-long cavities, laser characteristics across the same processed wafer show a good uniformity across the area of 2 x 1 cm2, giving similar output powers, threshold current densities, and emission wavelengths. The CW beam full-width at half-maximum of far-field patterns are 25 degree and 46 degree for the parallel and the perpendicular directions, respectively. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  Use of PLD-grown moth-eye ZnO nanostructures as templates for MOVPE growth of InGaN-based photovoltaics
Dave Rogers, V. E. Sandana, F. Hosseini Teherani, S. Gautier, G. Orsal, T. Moudakir, M. Molinari, M. Troyon, M. Peres, M. J. Soares, A. J. Neves, T. Monteiro, D. McGrouther, J. N. Chapman, H. J. Drouhin, M. Razeghi, and A. Ougazzaden
Renewable Energy and the Environment, OSA Technical Digest paper PWB3, Optical Society of America, (2011)-- November 2, 2011 ...[Visit Journal]
At this time, no abstract is available. Scopus has content delivery agreements in place with each publisher and currently contains 30 million records with an abstract. An abstract may not be present due to incomplete data, as supplied by the publisher, or is still in the process of being indexed. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  Reliability of Aluminum-Free 808 nm High-Power Laser Diodes with Uncoated Mirrors
I. Eliashevich, J. Diaz, H. Yi, L. Wang, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 66 (23)-- June 5, 1995 ...[Visit Journal]
The reliability of uncoated InGaAsP/GaAs high‐power diode lasers emitting at 808 nm wavelength has been studied. 47 W of quasicontinuous wave output power (pulse width 200 μs, frequency 20 Hz) have been obtained from a 1 cm wide laser bar. A single‐stripe diode without mirror coating has been life tested at 40 °C for emitting power of 800 mW continuous wave (cw) and showed no noticeable degradation and no change of the lasing wavelength after 6000 h of operation. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  Temperature dependence of the quantized Hall effect
H. P. Wei, A. M. Chang, and D. C. Tsui M. Razeghi
Phys. Rev. B 32, 7016(R) 1985-- November 15, 1985 ...[Visit Journal]
We reported detailed measurements of the temperature dependence of the quantized Hall effect from 4.2 to 50 K in the i=2 plateau region in InGaAs-InP. We deduce from the data that there is a significant density of localized states between the two Landau levels, with a value of ∼1×1010 cm−2 meV−1 at the middle of the mobility gap. We also found that the correlations between 𝜎xx and 𝜎xy show the trend predicted by the recent two-parameter scaling theory of localization in quantized Hall effect. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  Bias-selectable three-color short-, extended-short-, and mid-wavelength infrared photodetectors based on type-II InAs/GaSb/AlSb superlattices
Abbas Haddadi, and Manijeh Razeghi
Optics Letters Vol. 42, Iss. 21, pp. 4275-4278-- October 16, 2017 ...[Visit Journal]
A bias-selectable, high operating temperature, three-color short-, extended-short-, and mid-wavelength infrared photodetector based on InAs/GaSb/AlSb type-II superlattices on GaSb substrate has been demonstrated. The short-, extended-short-, and mid-wavelength channels’ 50% cutoff wavelengths were 2.3, 2.9, and 4.4μm, respectively, at 150K. The mid-wavelength channel exhibited a saturated quantum efficiency of 34% at 4μm under +200 mV bias voltage in a front-side illumination configuration and without any antireflection coating. At 200mV, the device exhibited a dark current density of 8.7×10−5  A/cm2 providing a specific detectivity of ∼2×1011  cm·Hz1/2/W at 150K. The short-wavelength channel achieved a saturated quantum efficiency of 20% at 1.8μm. At −10  mV, the device’s dark current density was 5.5×10−8  A/cm2. At zero bias, its specific detectivity was 1×1011  cm·Hz1/2/W at 150K. The extended short-wavelength channel achieved a saturated quantum efficiency of 22% at 2.75 μm. Under −2  V bias voltage, the device exhibited a dark current density of 1.8×10−6  A/cm2 providing a specific detectivity of 6.3×1011  cm·Hz1/2/W at 150K. [reprint (PDF)]
 

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