Center for Quantum Devices - Most Downloaded Journal Articles

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2.	High Detectivity InAs Quantum-Dot Infrared Photodetectors Grown on InP by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition W. Zhang, H. Lim, M. Taguchi, S. Tsao, B. Movaghar, and M. Razeghi Applied Physics Letters, 86 (19)-- May 9, 2005 ...[Visit Journal] We report a high-detectivity InAs quantum-dot infrared photodetector. The InAs quantum dots were grown by self-assembly on InP substrates via low-pressure metal–organic chemical–vapor deposition. Highly uniform quantum dots with a density of 4×10¹⁰ cm² were grown on a GaAs/InP matrix. Photoresponse was observed at temperatures up to 160 K with a peak of 6.4 µm and cutoff of 6.6 µm. Very low dark currents and noise currents were obtained by inserting Al_0.48In_0.52As current blocking layers. The background-limited performance temperature was 100 K. A detectivity of 1.0×10¹⁰ cm·Hz^½/W was obtained at 77 K with a bias of –1.1 V. [reprint (PDF)]
2.	Generalized k·p perturbation theory for atomic-scale superlattices H. Yi and M. Razeghi Physical Review B 56 (7)-- August 15, 1997 ...[Visit Journal] We present a generalized k⋅p perturbation method that is applicable for atomic-scale superlattices. The present model is in good quantitative agreement with full band theories with local-density approximation, and approaches results of the conventional k⋅p perturbation method (i.e., Kane’s Hamiltonian) with the envelope function approximation for superlattices with large periods. The indirect band gap of AlAs/GaAs superlattices with short periods observed in experiments is explained using this method. [reprint (PDF)]
2.	Very high wall plug efficiency of quantum cascade lasers Y. Bai, S. Slivken, S.R. Darvish, and M. Razeghi SPIE Proceedings, San Francisco, CA (January 22-28, 2010), Vol. 7608, p. 76080F-1-- January 22, 2010 ...[Visit Journal] We demonstrate very high wall plug efficiency (WPE) of mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) in low temperature pulsed mode operation (53%), room temperature pulsed mode operation (23%), and room temperature continuous wave operation (18%). All of these values are the highest to date for any QCLs. The optimization of WPE takes the route of understanding the limiting factors of each sub-efficiency, exploring new designs to overcome the limiting factor, and constantly improving the material quality. [reprint (PDF)]
2.	Sandwich method to grow high quality AlN by MOCVD Demir , H Li, Y Robin, R McClintock, S Elagoz and M Razeghi Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 51, pp. 085104-- February 7, 2018 ...[Visit Journal] We report pulsed atomic layer epitaxy growth of a very high crystalline quality, thick (~2 µm) and crack-free AlN material on c-plane sapphire substrates via a sandwich method using metal organic chemical vapor deposition. This sandwich method involves the introduction of a relatively low temperature (1050 °C) 1500 nm thick AlN layer between two 250 nm thick AlN layers which are grown at higher temperature (1170 °C). The surface morphology and crystalline quality remarkably improve using this sandwich method. A 2 µm thick AlN layer was realized with 33 arcsec and 136 arcsec full width at half maximum values for symmetric and asymmetric reflections of ω-scan, respectively, and it has an atomic force microscopy root-mean-square surface roughness of ~0.71 nm for a 5 × 5 µm² surface area. [reprint (PDF)]
2.	Crystallography of epitaxial growth of wurtzite-type thin films on sapphire substrates P. Kung, C.J. Sun, A. Saxler, H. Ohsato, and M. Razeghi Journal of Applied Physics 75 (9)-- May 1, 1994 ...[Visit Journal] In this article, we present a crystallographic model to describe the epitaxial growth of wurtzite‐type thin films such as gallium nitride (GaN) on different orientations of sapphire (Al2O3) substrates. Through this model, we demonstrate the thin films grown on (00⋅1)Al₂O₃ have a better epilayer‐substrate interface quality than those grown on (01⋅2)Al₂O₃. We also show the epilayer grown on (00⋅1)Al₂O₃ are gallium‐terminated, and both (00⋅1) and (01⋅2) surfaces of sapphire crystals are oxygen‐terminated. [reprint (PDF)]
2.	Core-shell GaN-ZnO Moth-eye Nanostructure Arrays Grown on a-SiO₂/Si (111) as a basis for Improved InGaN-based Photovoltaics and LEDs D.J. Rogers, V.E. Sandana, S. Gautier, T. Moudakir, M. Abid, A. Ougazzaden, F. Hosseini Teherani, P. Bove, M. Molinari, M. Troyon, M. Peres, Manuel J. Soares, A.J. Neves, T. Monteiro, D. McGrouther, J.N. Chapman, H.-J. Drouhin, R. McClintock, M. Razeghi Photonics and Nanostructures - Fundamentals and Applications, Volume 15, Pages 53-58-- March 30, 2015 ...[Visit Journal] Self-forming, vertically-aligned, ZnO moth-eye-like nanoarrays were grown by catalyst-free pulsed laser deposition on a-SiO₂/Si (111) substrates. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Cathodoluminescence (CL) studies indicated that nanostructures were highly c-axis oriented wurtzite ZnO with strong near band edge emission. The nanostructures were used as templates for the growth of non-polar GaN by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy. XRD, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis and CL revealed ZnO encapsulated with GaN, without evidence of ZnO back-etching. XRD showed compressive epitaxial strain in the GaN, which is conducive to stabilization of the higher indium contents required for more efficient green light emitting diode (LED) and photovoltaic (PV) operation. Angular-dependent specular reflection measurements showed a relative reflectance of less than 1% over the wavelength range of 400–720 nm at all angles up to 60°. The superior black-body performance of this moth-eye-like structure would boost LED light extraction and PV anti-reflection performance compared with existing planar or nanowire LED and PV morphologies. The enhancement in core conductivity, provided by the ZnO, would also improve current distribution and increase the effective junction area compared with nanowire devices based solely on GaN. [reprint (PDF)]
2.	Sharp/Tuneable UVC Selectivity and Extreme Solar Blindness in Nominally Undoped Ga2O3 MSM Photodetectors Grown by Pulsed Laser Deposition D. J. Rogers, A. Courtois, F. H. Teherani, V. E. Sandana, P. Bove, X. Arrateig, L. Damé, P. Maso, M. Meftah, W. El Huni, Y. Sama, H. Bouhnane, S. Gautier, A. Ougazzaden & M. Razeghi Proc. SPIE 11687 (2021) 116872D-1 ...[Visit Journal] Ga2O3layers were grown on c-sapphire substrates by pulsed laser deposition. Optical transmission spectra were coherent with a bandgap engineering from 4.9 to 6.2 eV controlled via the growth conditions. X-ray diffraction revealed that the films were mainly β-Ga2O3(monoclinic) with strong (-201) orientation. Metal-Semiconductor-Metal photodetectors based on gold/nickel Inter- Digitated-Transducer structures were fabricated by single-step negative photolithography. 240 nm peak response sensors gave over 2 orders-of-magnitude of separation between dark and light signal with state-of-the-art solar and visible rejection ratios ((I240 : I290) of > 3 x 105 and (I240 : I400) of > 2 x 106) and dark signals of <50 pA (at a bias of -5V). Spectral responsivities showed an exceptionally narrow linewidth (16.5 nm) and peak values exhibited a slightly superlinear increase with applied bias up to a value of 6.5 A/W (i.e. a quantum efficiency of > 3000%) at 20V bias. [reprint (PDF)]
2.	Engineering Multi-Section Quantum Cascade Lasers for Broadband Tuning Steven Slivken and Manijeh Razeghi Photonics 3, 41-- June 27, 2016 ...[Visit Journal] In an effort to overcome current limitations to electrical tuning of quantum cascade lasers, a strategy is proposed which combines heterogeneous quantum cascade laser gain engineering with sampled grating architectures. This approach seeks to not only widen the accessible spectral range for an individual emitter, but also compensate for functional non-uniformity of reflectivity and gain lineshapes. A trial laser with a dual wavelength core is presented which exhibits electroluminescence over a 750 cm⁻¹ range and discrete single mode laser emission over a 700 cm⁻¹ range. Electrical tuning over 180 cm⁻¹ is demonstrated with a simple sampled grating design. A path forward to even wider tuning is also described using more sophisticated gain and grating design principles. [reprint (PDF)]
2.	Growth of Deep UV Light Emitting Diodes by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition A. Yasan, R. McClintock, K. Mayes, D. Shiell, S. Darvish, P. Kung and M. Razeghi SPIE Conference, Jose, CA, Vol. 5359, pp. 400-- January 25, 2004 ...[Visit Journal] We demonstrate high power AlGaN based ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV LEDs) with an emission wavelength of 280 nm using an asymmetric single quantum well active layer configuration on top of a high-quality AlGaN/AlN template layer grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). An output power of 1.8 mW at a pulsed current of 400 mA was achieved for a single 300 µm × 300 µm diode. This device reached a high peak external quantum efficiency of 0.24% at 40 mA. An array of four diodes produced 6.5 mW at 880 mA of pulsed current. [reprint (PDF)]
2.	Tl incorporation in InSb and lattice contraction of In_1-xTl_xSb J.J. Lee and M. Razeghi Applied Physics Letters 76 (3)-- January 17, 2000 ...[Visit Journal] Ternary In_1−xTl_xSb thin films are grown by low pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition in the high In composition region. Infrared photoresponse spectra of the In_1−xTl_xSb epilayers show a clear shift toward a longer wavelength compared to that of InSb. Tl incorporation is confirmed by Auger electron spectroscopy. In contrast to the theoretical expectation, high resolution x-ray diffraction study reveals that the lattice of the In_1−xTl_xSb epilayers is contracted by the incorporation of Tl. As more Tl is incorporated, the lattice contraction is observed to increase gradually in the experimental range. A possible origin of this phenomenon is discussed. Our experimental results suggest that the Tl incorporation behavior in In_1−xTl_xSb differs from that of other group III impurities in III antimonides. [reprint (PDF)]
2.	Long Wavelength Type-II Photodiodes Operating at Room Temperature H. Mohseni and M. Razeghi IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 13 (5)-- May 1, 2001 ...[Visit Journal] The operation of uncooled InAs-GaSb superlattice photodiodes with a cutoff wavelength of λc=8 μm and a peak detectivity of 1.2 × 10⁸ cm·Hz^½/W at zero bias is demonstrated. The detectivity is similar to the best uncooled HgCdTe detectors and microbolometers. However, the R0A product is more than two orders of magnitude higher than HgCdTe and the device is more than four orders of magnitude faster than microbolometers. These features combined with their low 1/f noise and high uniformity make these type-II photodiodes an excellent choice for uncooled high-speed IR imaging arrays [reprint (PDF)]
2.	Schottky MSM Photodetectors on GaN Films Grown on Sapphire by Lateral Epitaxial Overgrowth P. Kung, D. Walker, P. Sandvik, M. Hamilton, J. Diaz, I.H. Lee and M. Razeghi SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA, -- January 27, 1999 ...[Visit Journal] We report the growth and characterization of Schottky based metal-semiconductor-metal ultraviolet photodetectors fabricated on lateral epitaxially overgrown GaN films. The lateral epitaxial overgrowth of GaN was carried out on basal plane sapphire substrates by low pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition and exhibited lateral growth rates more than 5 times as high as vertical growth rates. The spectral responsivity, the dependence on bias voltage, on incident optical power, and the time response of these photodetectors have been characterized. Two detector orientations were investigated: one with the interdigitated finger pattern parallel and the other perpendicular to the underlying SiO_x mask stripes. [reprint (PDF)]
2.	-- November 30, 1999
2.	High operability 1024 x 1024 long wavelength infrared focal plane array base on Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice A. Haddadi, S.R. Darvish, G. Chen, A.M. Hoang, B.M. Nguyen and M. Razeghi AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 1416, p. 56-58_NGS15 Conf_Blacksburg, VA_Aug 1-5, 2011-- December 31, 2011 ...[Visit Journal] Fabrication and characterization of a high performance 1024×1024 long wavelength infrared type‐II superlattice focal plane array are described. The FPA performs imaging at a continous rate of 15.00 frames/sec. Each pixel has pitch of 18μm with a fill factor of 71.31%. It demonstrates excellent operability of 95.8% and 97.4% at 81 and 68K operation temperature. The external quantum efficiency is ∼81% without any antireflective coating. Using F∕2 optics and an integration time of 0.13ms, the FPA exhibits an NEDT as low as 27 and 19mK at operating temperatures of 81 and 68K respectively. [reprint (PDF)]
2.	High Detectivity InGaAs/InGaP Quantum-Dot Infrared Photodetectors Grown by Low Pressure Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition J. Jiang, S. Tsao, T. O'Sullivan, W. Zhang, H. Lim, T. Sills, K. Mi, M. Razeghi, G.J. Brown, and M.Z. Tidrow Virtual Journal of Nanoscale Science and Technology 9 (12)-- March 29, 2004 ...[Visit Journal][reprint (PDF)]
2.	Negative and positive luminescence in mid-wavelength infrared InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes D. Hoffman, A. Gin, Y. Wei, A. Hood, F. Fuchs, and M. Razeghi IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 41 (12)-- December 1, 2005 ...[Visit Journal] The quantum efficiency of negative and positive luminescence in binary type-II InAs-GaSb superlattice photodiodes has been investigated in the midinfrared spectral range around the 5-μm wavelength. The negative luminescence efficiency is nearly independent on temperature in the entire range from 220 to 325 K. For infrared diodes with a 2-μm absorbing layer, processed without anti-reflection coating, a negative luminescence efficiency of 45% is found, indicating very efficient minority carrier extraction. The temperature dependent measurements of the quantum efficiency of the positive luminescence enables for the determination of the capture cross section of the Shockley-Read-Hall centers involved in the competing nonradiative recombination. [reprint (PDF)]
2.	Gain-length scaling in quantum dot/quantum well infrared photodetectors T. Yamanaka, B. Movaghar, S. Tsao, S. Kuboya, A. Myzaferi and M. Razeghi Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 95, No. 9-- August 31, 2009 ...[Visit Journal] The gain in quantum dot/quantum well infrared photodetectors is investigated. The scaling of the gain with device length has been analyzed, and the behavior agrees with the previously proposed model. We conclude that we understand the gain in the low bias region, but in the high field region, discrepancies remain. An extension of the gain model is presented to cover the very high electric field region. The high field data are compared to the extended model and discussed. [reprint (PDF)]
2.	High quantum efficiency mid-wavelength infrared type-II InAs/InAs_1-xSb_x superlattice photodiodes grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition Donghai Wu , Quentin Durlin, Arash Dehzangi , Yiyun Zhang , and Manijeh Razeghi Appl. Phys. Lett. 114, 011104-- January 8, 2019 ...[Visit Journal] We report the growth and characterization of mid-wavelength infrared type-II InAs/InAs_1-xSb_x superlattice photodiodes on GaSb substrates grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. At 150 K, the 50% cut-off wavelength is 5.0 um, the dark current density is 3.3x10⁻⁴ A/cm² under −20mV bias, and the peak responsivity is 1.76A/W corresponding to a quantum efficiency of 55% without anti-reflection coating. A specific detectivity of 1.2x10¹¹cmHz^1/2/W is achieved at 4.0 um under −20mV bias at 150 K. [reprint (PDF)]
2.	Optical Investigations of GaAs-GaInP Quantum Wells Grown on the GaAs, InP, and Si Substrates H. Xiaoguang, M. Razeghi Applied Physics Letters 61 (14)-- October 5, 1992 ...[Visit Journal] We report the first photoluminescence investigation of GaAs‐Ga_0.51In_0.49P lattice matched multiquantum wells grown by the low pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition simultaneously in the same run on GaAs, Si, and InP substrates. The sharp photoluminescence peaks indicate the high quality of the samples on three different substrates. The temperature dependence of the photoluminescence indicates that the intrinsic excitonic transitions dominate at low temperature and free‐carrier recombinations at room temperature. The photoluminescence peaks of the samples grown on Si and InP substrates shift about 15 meV from the corresponding peaks of the sample grown on the GaAs substrate. Two possible interpretations are provided for the observed energy shift. One is the diffusion of In along the dislocation threads from GaInP to GaAs and another is the localized strain induced by defects and In segregations. [reprint (PDF)]
2.	Al_xGa_1-xN-based back-illuminated solar-blind photodetectors with external quantum efficiency of 89% E. Cicek, R. McClintock, C. Y. Cho, B. Rahnema, and M. Razeghi Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 191108 (2013)-- November 5, 2013 ...[Visit Journal] We report on high performance Al_xGa_1−xN-based solar-blind ultraviolet photodetector (PD) array grown on sapphire substrate. First, high quality, crack-free AlN template layer is grown via metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Then, we systematically optimized the device design and material doping through the growth and processing of multiple devices. After optimization, uniform and solar-blind operation is observed throughout the array; at the peak detection wavelength of 275 nm, 729 μm² area PD showed unbiased peak external quantum efficiency and responsivity of ∼80% and ∼176 mA/W, respectively, increasing to 89% under 5 V of reverse bias. Taking the reflection loses into consideration, the internal quantum efficiency of these optimized PD can be estimated to be as high as ∼98%. The visible rejection ratio measured to be more than six orders of magnitude. Electrical measurements yielded a low-dark current density: <2 × 10⁻⁹ A/cm², at 10 V of reverse bias. [reprint (PDF)]
2.	Extended short wavelength infrared heterojunction phototransistors based on type II superlattices Arash Dehzangi , Ryan McClintock, Donghai Wu , Abbas Haddadi, Romain Chevallier , and Manijeh Razeghi Applied Physics Letters 114, 191109-- May 17, 2019 ...[Visit Journal] A two terminal extended short wavelength infrared heterojunction phototransistor based on type-II InAs/AlSb/GaSb on a GaSb substrate is designed, fabricated, and investigated. With the base thickness of 40 nm, the device exhibited a 100% cut-off wavelength of 2.3 λ at 300 K. The saturated peak responsivity value is 320.5 A/W at 300 K, under front-side illumination without any antireflection coating. A saturated optical gain of 245 at 300K was measured. At the same temperature, the device exhibited a collector dark current density (at unity optical gain) and a DC current gain of 7.8 X 10³ A/cm² and 1100, respectively. The device exhibited a saturated dark current shot noise limited specific detectivity of 4.9 X 10¹¹ cm·Hz^½/W at 300 K which remains constant over a broad range of wavelengths and applied biases. [reprint (PDF)]
2.	Type-II superlattice photodetectors for MWIR to VLWIR focal plane arrays M. Razeghi, Y. Wei, A. Hood, D. Hoffman, B.M. Nguyen, P.Y. Delaunay, E. Michel and R. McClintock SPIE Infrared Technology and Applications Conference, April 17-21, 2006, Orlando, FL Proceedings – Infrared Technology and Applications XXXII, Vol. 6206, p. 62060N-1-- April 21, 2006 ...[Visit Journal] Results obtained on GaSb/InAs Type-II superlattices have shown performance comparable to HgCdTe detectors, with the promise of higher performance due to reduced Auger recombination and dark current through improvements in device design and material quality. In this paper, we discuss advancements in Type-II IR sensors that cover the 3 to > 30 µm wavelength range. Specific topics covered will be device design and modeling using the Empirical Tight Binding Method (ETBM), material growth and characterization, device fabrication and testing, as well as focal plane array processing and imaging. Imaging has been demonstrated at room temperature for the first time with a 5 µm cutoff wavelength 256×256 focal plane array. [reprint (PDF)]
2.	Monolithically, widely tunable quantum cascade lasers based on a heterogeneous active region design Wenjia Zhou, Neelanjan Bandyopadhyay, Donghai Wu, Ryan McClintock & Manijeh Razeghi Nature Scientific Reports 6, Article number: 25213 -- June 8, 2016 ...[Visit Journal] Quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) have become important laser sources for accessing the mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectral range, achieving watt-level continuous wave operation in a compact package at room temperature. However, up to now, wavelength tuning, which is desirable for most applications, has relied on external cavity feedback or exhibited a limited monolithic tuning range. Here we demonstrate a widely tunable QCL source over the 6.2 to 9.1 μm wavelength range with a single emitting aperture by integrating an eight-laser sampled grating distributed feedback laser array with an on-chip beam combiner. The laser gain medium is based on a five-core heterogeneous QCL wafer. A compact tunable laser system was built to drive the individual lasers within the array and produce any desired wavelength within the available spectral range. A rapid, broadband spectral measurement (520 cm⁻¹) of methane using the tunable laser source shows excellent agreement to a measurement made using a standard low-speed infrared spectrometer. This monolithic, widely tunable laser technology is compact, with no moving parts, and will open new opportunities for MIR spectroscopy and chemical sensing. [reprint (PDF)]
2.	Transport and photodetection in self-assembled semiconductor quantum dots M Razeghi, H Lim, S Tsao, J Szafraniec, W Zhang, K Mi and B Movaghar Nanotechnology 16 219-- January 7, 2005 ...[Visit Journal] A great step forward in science and technology was made when it was discovered that lattice mismatch can be used to grow highly ordered, artificial atom-like structures called self-assembled quantum dots. Several groups have in the meantime successfully demonstrated useful infrared photodetection devices which are based on this technology. The new physics is fascinating, and there is no doubt that many new applications will be found when we have developed a better understanding of the underlying physical processes, and in particular when we have learned how to integrate the exciting new developments made in nanoscopic addressing and molecular self-assembly methods with semiconducting dots. In this paper we examine the scientific and technical questions encountered in current state of the art infrared detector technology and suggest ways of overcoming these difficulties. Promoting simple physical pictures, we focus in particular on the problem of high temperature detector operation and discuss the origin of dark current, noise, and photoresponse. [reprint (PDF)]
2.	High-quality visible-blind AlGaN p-i-n photodiodes E. Monroy, M. Hamilton, D. Walker, P. Kung, F.J. Sanchez, and M. Razeghi Applied Physics Letters 74 (8)-- February 22, 1999 ...[Visit Journal] We report the fabrication and characterization of Al_xGa_1−xN p-i-n photodiodes (0 < x < 0.15) grown on sapphire by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The devices present a visible rejection of six orders of magnitude with a cutoff wavelength that shifts from 365 to 338 nm. Photocurrent decays are exponential for high load resistances, with a time constant that corresponds to the RC product of the system. For low load resistances, the transient response becomes non-exponential, with a decay time longer than the RC constant. This behavior is justified by the strong frequency dependence of the device capacitance. By an admittance analysis, we conclude that speed is not limited by deep levels, but by substitutional Mg capture and emission time. [reprint (PDF)]

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