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19.  Demonstration of shortwavelength infrared photodiodes based on type-II InAs/GaSb/AlSb superlattices
A.M. Hoang, G. Chen, A. Haddadi, S. Abdollahi Pour, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 100, No. 21, p. 211101-1-- May 21, 2012 ...[Visit Journal]
We demonstrate the feasibility of the InAs/GaSb/AlSb type-II superlattice photodiodes operating at the short wavelength infrared regime below 3  μm. An n-i-p type-II InAs/GaSb/AlSb photodiode was grown with a designed cut-off wavelength of 2 μm on a GaSb substrate. At 150  K, the photodiode exhibited a dark current density of 5.6 × 10−8 A/cm² and a front-side-illuminated quantum efficiency of 40.3%, providing an associated shot noise detectivity of 1.0 × 1013 Jones. The uncooled photodiode showed a dark current density of 2.2 × 10−3 A/cm² and a quantum efficiency of 41.5%, resulting in a detectivity of 1.7 × 1010 Jones [reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  Growth and Characterization of Very Long Wavelength Type-II Infrared Detectors
H. Mohseni, A. Tahraoui, J. Wojkowski, M. Razeghi, W. Mitchel, and A. Saxler
SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA, -- January 26, 2000 ...[Visit Journal]
We report on the growth and characterization of type-II IR detectors with a InAs/GaSb superlattice active layer in the 15-19 μm wavelength range. The material was grown by molecular beam epitaxy on semi-insulating GaAs substrates. The material was processed into photoconductive detectors using standard photolithography, dry etching, and metalization. The 50 percent cut-off wavelength of the detectors is about 15.5 μm with a responsivity of 90 mA/W at 80 K. The 90 percent-10 percent cut-off energy width of the responsivity is only 17 meV which is an indication of the uniformity of the superlattices. These are the best reported values for type-II superlattices grown on GaAs substrates. [reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  High magnetic field studies of the two‐dimensional electron gas in GaInAs‐InP superlattices
J. C. Portal; R. J. Nicholas; M. A. Brummell; M. Razeghi; M. A. Poisson
J. C. Portal, R. J. Nicholas, M. A. Brummell, M. Razeghi, M. A. Poisson; High magnetic field studies of the two‐dimensional electron gas in GaInAs‐InP superlattices. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1 August 1983; 43 (3): 293–295.-- August 1, 1983 ...[Visit Journal]
We report the observation of Shubnikov–de Haas oscillations in superlattices of GaInAs and InP, showing evidence of two‐dimensional behavior. The electron g‐factor is deduced from both the criteria for resolution of a spin splitting by comparison with the broadening parameter Γ, and from the tilted field method, and is shown to increase with increasing resolution of the Landau levels in a manner consistent with the theory of Ando and Uemura. In the ultraquantum limit, structure at ν=1/2 and ν=1/3 is observed. [reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  Beam Steering in High-Power CW Quantum Cascade Lasers
W.W. Bewley, J.R. Lindle, C.S. Kim, I. Vurgaftman, J.R. Meyer, A.J. Evans, J.S. Yu, S. Slivken, and M. Razeghi
IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 41 (6)-- June 1, 2005 ...[Visit Journal]
We report the light-current (L-I), spectral, and far-field characteristics of quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) with seven different wavelengths in the λ=4.3 to 6.3 μm range. In continuous-wave (CW) mode, the narrow-stripe (≈13 μm) epitaxial- side-up devices operated at temperatures up to 340 K, while at 295 K the CW output power was as high as 640 mW with a wallplug efficiency of 4.5%. All devices with λ≥4.7 μm achieved room-temperature CW operation, and at T=200 K several produced powers exceeding 1 W with ≈10% wallplug efficiency. The data indicated both spectral and spatial instabilities of the optical modes. For example, minor variations of the current often produced nonmonotonic hopping between spectra with envelopes as narrow as 5-10 nm or as broad as 200-250 nm. Bistable beam steering, by far-field angles of up to ±12° from the facet normal, also occurred, although even in extreme cases the beam quality never became worse than twice the diffraction limit. The observed steering is consistent with a theory for interference and beating between the two lowest order lateral modes. We also describe simulations of a wide-stripe photonic-crystal distributed-feedback QCL, which based on the current material quality is projected to emit multiple watts of CW power into a single-mode beam at T=200 K. [reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  RT-CW: widely tunable semiconductor THz QCL sources
M. Razeghi; Q. Y. Lu
Proceedings Volume 9934, Terahertz Emitters, Receivers, and Applications -- September 26, 2016 ...[Visit Journal]
Distinctive position of Terahertz (THz) frequencies (ν~0.3 -10 THz) in the electromagnetic spectrum with their lower quantum energy compared to IR and higher frequency compared to microwave range allows for many potential applications unique to them. Especially in the security side of the THz sensing applications, the distinct absorption spectra of explosives and related compounds in the range of 0.1–5 THz makes THz technology a competitive technique for detecting hidden explosives. A compact, high power, room temperature continuous wave terahertz source emitting in a wide frequency range will greatly boost the THz applications for the diagnosis and detection of explosives. Here we present a new strong-coupled strain-balanced quantum cascade laser design for efficient THz generation based intracavity DFG. Room temperature continuous wave operation with electrical frequency tuning range of 2.06-4.35 THz is demonstrated [reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  Growth of “moth-eye” ZnO nanostructures on Si(111), c-Al2O3, ZnO and steel substrates by pulsed laser deposition
Vinod E. Sandana, David J. Rogers, Ferechteh Hosseini Teherani, Philippe Bove, Michael Molinari, Michel Troyon, Alain Largeteau, Gérard Demazeau, Colin Scott, Gaelle Orsal, Henri-Jean Drouhin, Abdallah Ougazzaden, Manijeh Razeghi
Phys. Status Solidi C., 1-5 (2013)-- August 6, 2013 ...[Visit Journal]
Self-forming, vertically-aligned, arrays of black-body-like ZnO moth-eye nanostructures were grown on Si(111), c-Al2O3, ZnO and high manganese austenitic steel substrates using Pulsed Laser Deposition. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed the nanostructures to be well-crystallised wurtzite ZnO with strong preferential c-axis crystallographic orientation along the growth direction for all the substrates. Cathodoluminescence (CL) studies revealed emission characteristic of the ZnO near band edge for all substrates. Such moth-eye nanostructures have a graded effective refractive index and exhibit black-body characteristics. Coatings with these features may offer improvements in photovoltaic and LED performance. Moreover, since ZnO nanostructures can be grown readily on a wide range of substrates it is suggested that such an approach could facilitate growth of GaN-based devices on mismatched and/or technologically important substrates, which may have been inaccessible till present. [reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  A hybrid green light-emitting diode comprised of n-ZnO/(InGaN/GaN) multi-quantum-wells/p-GaN
C. Bayram, F. Hosseini Teherani, D.J. Rogers and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 93, No. 8, p. 081111-1-- August 25, 2008 ...[Visit Journal]
Hybrid green light-emitting diodes (LEDs) comprised of n-ZnO/(InGaN/GaN) multi-quantum-wells/p-GaN were grown on semi-insulating AlN/sapphire using pulsed laser deposition for the n-ZnO and metal organic chemical vapor deposition for the other layers. X-ray diffraction revealed that high crystallographic quality was preserved after the n-ZnO growth. LEDs showed a turn-on voltage of 2.5 V and a room temperature electroluminescence (EL) centered at 510 nm. A blueshift and narrowing of the EL peak with increasing current was attributed to bandgap renormalization. The results indicate that hybrid LED structures could hold the prospect for the development of green LEDs with superior performance. [reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  High quality AlN and GaN epilayers grown on (00*1) sapphire, (100) and (111) silicon substrates
P. Kung, A. Saxler, X. Zhang, D. Walker, T.C. Wang, I. Ferguson, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 66 (22)-- May 29, 1995 ...[Visit Journal]
The growth of high quality AlN and GaN thin films on basal plane sapphire, (100), and (111) silicon substrates is reported using low pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. X-ray rocking curve linewidths of about 100 and 30 arcsec were obtained for AlN and GaN on sapphire, respectively. Room‐temperature optical transmission and photoluminescence (of GaN) measurements confirmed the high quality of the films. The luminescence at 300 and 77 K of the GaN films grown on basal plane sapphire, (100), and (111) silicon was compared. [reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  High Power 3-12 μm Infrared Lasers: Recent Improvements and Future Trends
M. Razeghi, S. Slivken, A. Tahraoui, A. Matlis, and Y.S. Park
Advanced Research Workshop on Semiconductor Nanostructures, Queenstown, New Zealand; Proceedings -- February 5, 2003 ...[Visit Journal]
In this paper, we discuss the progress of quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) grown by gas-source molecular beam epitaxy. Room temperature QCL operation has been reported for lasers emitting between 5-11 μm, with 9-11 μm lasers operating up to 425 K. Laser technology for the 3-5 μm range takes advantage of a strain-balanced active layer design. We also demonstrate record room temperature peak output powers at 9 and 11 μm (2.5 and 1 W, respectively) as well as record low 80K threshold current densities (250 A/cm²) for some laser designs. Preliminary distributed feedback (DFB) results are also presented and exhibit single mode operation for 9 μm lasers at room temperature. [reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  Persistent photoconductivity and the quantized Hall effect in In0.53Ga0.47As/InP heterostructures
H. P. Wei; D. C. Tsui; M. Razeghi
H. P. Wei, D. C. Tsui, M. Razeghi; Persistent photoconductivity and the quantized Hall effect in In0.53Ga0.47As/InP heterostructures. Appl. Phys. Lett. 15 September 1984; 45 (6): 666–668.-- September 15, 1984 ...[Visit Journal]
A persistent photoconductivity is observed in the transport of the high mobility two‐dimensional electron gas in In0.53Ga0.47 As/InP heterostructures. Low field Hall measurements from 300 to 4.2 K and the quantized Hall effect in the high field limit are studied with radiation from visible and infrared light‐emitting diodes. Our results demonstrate conclusively that the effect is due to photogeneration of electron‐hole pairs in the heterostructure and trapping of holes in the In0.53Ga0.47 As. [reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  High-power, room-temperature and continuous-wave operation of distributed-feedback quantum-cascade lasers at λ = 4.8 µm
J.S. Yu, S. Slivken, S.R. Darvish, A. Evans, B. Gokden and M. Razeghi
Virtual Journal of Nanoscale Science and Technology 12 (5)-- August 1, 2005 ...[Visit Journal][reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  EPR Study of Gd around the Ferroelastic Transition Point of Pb3 (PO4)2
M. RAZEGHI and B. HOULIER
M. RAZEGHI et al., phys. stat. sol. (b) 89, K135 (1978) -- October 1, 1978 ...[Visit Journal][reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  Growth and characterization of long wavelength infrared Type-II superlattice Photodiodes on a 3
B.M. Nguyen, G. Chen, M.A. Hoang, and M. Razeghi
SPIE Proceedings, San Francisco, CA (January 22-27, 2011), Vol. 7945, p. 79451O-- January 23, 2011 ...[Visit Journal]
One of the great advantages of Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice over other competing technologies for the third generation infrared imagers is the potential to have excellent uniformity across a large area as the electronic structure of the material is controlled by the layer thicknesses, not by the composition of the materials. This can economize the material growth, reduce the fabrication cost, and especially allow the realization of large format imagers. In this talk, we report the molecular beam epitaxial growth of Type-II superlattices on a 3-inch GaSb substrate for long wavelength infrared detection. The material exhibits excellent structural, optical and electrical uniformity via AFM, Xray, quantum efficiency and I-V measurements. At 77K, 11μm cutoff photodiodes exhibit more than 45% quantum efficiency, and a dark current density of 1.0x10-4 A/cm² at 50 mV, resulting in a specific detectivity of 6 x 1011 cm·Hz1/2/W. [reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  Highly Conductive Co-Doped Ga2O3Si-In Grown by MOCVD
Junhee Lee, Honghyuk Kim, Lakshay Gautam and Manijeh Razeghi
Coatings 2021, 11(3), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11030287 ...[Visit Journal]
We report a highly conductive gallium oxide doped with both silicon and indium grown on c-plane sapphire substrate by MOCVD. From a superlattice structure of indium oxide and gallium oxide doped with silicon, we obtained a highly conductive material with an electron hall mobility up to 150 cm2/V·s with the carrier concentration near 2 × 1017 cm−3. However, if not doped with silicon, both Ga2O3:In and Ga2O3 are highly resistive. Optical and structural characterization techniques such as X-ray, transmission electron microscope, and photoluminescence, reveal no significant incorporation of indium into the superlattice materials, which suggests the indium plays a role of a surfactant passivating electron trapping defect levels. [reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  Characteristics of Self-Assembled InGaAs/InGaP Quantum Dot Mid-Infrared Photoconductive Detectors Grown by Low Pressure MOCVD
S. Kim, M. Erdtmann, and M. Razeghi
SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA, -- January 27, 1999 ...[Visit Journal]
We report the first self-assembled InGaAs/InGaP quantum dot intersubband infrared photoconductive detectors (QDIPs) grown on semi-insulating GaAs substrate by low pressure metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The InGaAs quantum dots were constructed on an InGaP matrix as self assembling in Stranski-Krastanow growth mode in optimum growth conditions. The detector structure was prepared for single layer and multi-stacked quantum dots for active region. Normal incident photoconductive response was observed at a peak wavelength of 5.5 μm with a high responsivity of 130 mA/W, and a detectivity of 4.74 X 107 cm·Hz½/W at 77 K for multi-stack QDIP. Low temperature photoresponse of the single quantum dot photodetector was characterized. Peak response was obtained between 16 K and 60 K. The detailed dark current noise measurements were carried on single and multistack quantum dot infrared detectors. High photoconductive gain as 7.6 x 103 biased at 0.5 V results in increasing the intersubband carrier relaxation time as two order of magnitude compared quantum well infrared photodetectors. [reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  Gas sensing spectroscopy system utilizing a sample grating distributed feedback quantum cascade laser array and type II superlattice detector
Nathaniel R. Coirier; Andrea I. Gomez-Patron; Manijeh Razeghi
Proc. SPIE 11288, Quantum Sensing and Nano Electronics and Photonics XVII, 1128815-- January 31, 2020 ...[Visit Journal]
Gas spectroscopy is a tool that can be used in a variety of applications. One example is in the medical field, where it can diagnose patients by detecting biomarkers in breath, and another is in the security field, where it can safely alert personnel about ambient concentrations of dangerous gas. In this paper, we document the design and construction of a system compact enough to be easily deployable in defense, healthcare, and chemical safety environments. Current gas sensing systems use basic quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) or distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers (DFB QCLs) with large benchtop signal recovery systems to determine gas concentrations. There are significant issues with these setups, namely the lack of laser tunability and the lack of practicality outside of a very clean lab setting. QCLs are advantageous for gas sensing purposes because they are the most efficient lasers at the mid infrared region (MIR). This is necessary since gases tend to have stronger absorption lines in the MIR range than in the near-infrared (NIR) region. To incorporate the efficiency of a QCL with wide tuning capabilities in the MIR region, sampled grating distributed feedback (SGDFB) QCLs are the answer as they have produced systems that are widely tunable, which is advantageous for scanning a robust and complete absorption spectrum. The system employs a SGDFB QCL array emitter, a Type II InAsSb Superlattice detector receiver, a gas cell, and a cooling system. [reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  Comparison of the Physical Properties of GaN Thin Films Deposited on (0112) and (0001) Sapphire Substrates
C.J. Sun and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 63 (7)-- August 16, 1993 ...[Visit Journal]
A direct comparison of the physical properties of GaN thin films is made as a function of the choice of substrate orientations. Gallium nitride single crystals were grown on (0001) and (0112) sapphire substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Better crystallinity with fine ridgelike facets is obtained on the (0112) sapphire. Also lower carrier concentration and higher mobilities indicate both lower nitrogen vacancies and less oxygen incorporation on the (0112) sapphire. The results of this study show better physical properties of GaN thin films achieved on (0112) sapphire. [reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  Demonstration of high performance long wavelength infrared Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodidoe grown on GaAs substrate
S. Abdollahi Pour, B.M. Nguyen, S. Bogdanov, E.K. Huang, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 95, No. 17, p. 173505-- October 26, 2009 ...[Visit Journal]
We report the growth and characterization of long wavelength infrared type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes with a 50% cut-off wavelength at 11 µm, on GaAs substrate. Despite a 7.3% lattice mismatch to the substrate, photodiodes passivated with polyimide exhibit an R0A value of 35 Ω·cm² at 77 K, which is in the same order of magnitude as reference devices grown on native GaSb substrate. With a reverse applied bias less than 500 mV, the dark current density and differential resistance-area product are close to that of devices on GaSb substrate, within the tolerance of the processing and measurement. The quantum efficiency attains the expected value of 20% at zero bias, resulting in a Johnson limited detectivity of 1.1×1011 Jones. Although some difference in performances is observed, devices grown on GaAs substrate already attained the background limit performance at 77 K with a 300 K background and a 2-π field of view. [reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  High operating temperature 320 x 256 middle-wavelength infrared focal plane array imaging based on an InAs/InGaAs/InAlAs/InP quantum dot infrared photodetector
S. Tsao, H. Lim, W. Zhang, and M. Razeghi
Virtual Journal of Nanoscale Science and Technology-- May 28, 2007 ...[Visit Journal][reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  High-quality MOCVD-grown heteroepitaxial gallium oxide growth on III-nitrides enabled by AlOx interlayer
Junhee Lee, Lakshay Gautam, and Manijeh Razeghi
Junhee Lee, Manijeh RazeghiAppl. Phys. Lett. 123, 151902 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0170383 ...[Visit Journal]
We report high-quality Ga2O3 grown on an AlGaN/AlN/Sapphire in a single growth run in the same Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition reactor with an AlOx interlayer at the Ga2O3/AlGaN interface. AlOx interlayer was found to enable the growth of single crystalline Ga2O3 on AlGaN in spite of the high lattice mismatch between the two material systems. The resulting nitride/oxide heterogenous heterostructures showed superior material qualities, which were characterized by structural, electrical, and optical characterization techniques. In particular, a significant enhancement of the electron mobility of the nitride/oxide heterogenous heterostructure is reported when compared to the individual electron mobilities of the Ga2O3 epilayer on the sapphire substrate and the AlGaN/AlN heterostructure on the sapphire substrate. This enhanced mobility marks a significant step in realizing the next generation of power electronic devices and transistors. [reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  Recent advances in InAs/InAs1- xSbx/AlAs1-xSbx gap-engineered Type-II superlattice-based photodetectors
Manijeh Razeghi, Abbas Haddadi, Arash Dehzangi, Romain Chevallier, Thomas Yang
Proc. SPIE 10177, Infrared Technology and Applications XLIII, 1017705 -- May 9, 2017 ...[Visit Journal]
InAs/InAs1-xSbx/AlAs1-xSbx type-II superlattices (T2SLs) is a system of multi-interacting quantum wells. Since its introduction, this material system has drawn a lot of attention especially for infrared detection. In recent years, InAs/InAs1- xSbx/AlAs1-xSbx T2SL material system has experienced incredible improvements in material quality, device structure designs and device fabrication process which elevated the performances of T2SL-based photodetectors to a comparable level to the state-of-the-art material systems for infrared detection such as Mercury Cadmium Telluride (MCT). In this paper, we will present the current status of InAs/InAs1-xSbx/AlAs1-xSbx T2SL-based photodetectors for detection in different infrared regions, from short-wavelength (SWIR) to long-wavelength (LWIR) infrared, and the future outlook of this material system. [reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  Low frequency noise in 1024 x 1024 long wavelength infrared focal plane array base on Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice
A. Haddadi, S.R. Darvish, G. Chen, A.M. Hoang, B.M. Nguyen and M. Razeghi
SPIE Proceedings, Vol. 8268, p. 82680X-- January 22, 2012 ...[Visit Journal]
Recently, the type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice (T2SL) material platform is considered as a potential alternative for HgCdTe technology in long wavelength infrared (LWIR) imaging. This is due to the incredible growth in the understanding of its material properties and improvement of device processing which leads to design and fabrication of better devices. In this paper, we report electrical low frequency noise measurement on a high performance type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice 1024×1024 LWIR focal plane array. [reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  Electrically pumped photonic crystal distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers
Y. Bai, S.R. Darvish, S. Slivken, P. Sung, J. Nguyen, A. Evans, W. Zhang, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 91, No. 14, p. 141123-1-- October 1, 2007 ...[Visit Journal]
We demonstrate electrically pumped, room temperature, single mode operation of photonic crystal distributed feedback (PCDFB) quantum cascade lasers emitting at ~4.75 µm. Ridge waveguides of 100 µm width were fabricated with both PCDFB and Fabry-Pérot feedback mechanisms. The Fabry-Pérot device has a broad emitting spectrum and a double lobed far-field character. The PCDFB device, as expected, has primarily a single spectral mode and a diffraction limited far field characteristic with a full angular width at half maximum of 2.4°. This accomplishment represents the first step in power scaling of single mode, midinfrared laser diodes operating at room temperature. [reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  Investigation of impurities in type-II InAs/GaSb superlattices via capacitance-voltage measurement
G. Chen, A. M. Hoang, S. Bogdanov, A. Haddadi, P. R. Bijjam, B.-M. Nguyen, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 103, 033512 (2013)-- July 17, 2013 ...[Visit Journal]
Capacitance-voltage measurement was utilized to characterize impurities in the non-intentionally doped region of Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice p-i-n photodiodes. Ionized carrier concentration versus temperature dependence revealed the presence of a kind of defects with activation energy below 6 meV and a total concentration of low 1015 cm−3. Correlation between defect characteristics and superlattice designs was studied. The defects exhibited a p-type behavior with decreasing activation energy as the InAs thickness increased from 7 to 11 monolayers, while maintaining the GaSb thickness of 7 monolayers. With 13 monolayers of InAs, the superlattice became n-type and the activation energy deviated from the p-type trend. [reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  Very Long Wavelength GaAs/GaInP Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors
C. Jelen, S. Slivken, G.J. Brown, and M. Razeghi
SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA, -- February 12, 1997 ...[Visit Journal]
We demonstrate long wavelength quantum well infrared photodetectors with GaAs quantum wells and GaInP barriers grown using gas-source molecular beam epitaxy. Wafers were grown with varying well widths. The optimum well width was 75 angstrom, which resulted in a detection peak at 13 μm and a cutoff wavelength of 15 μm. Dark current measurements of the samples with 15 μm cutoff wavelength show low dark current densities. The dark current characteristics have been investigated as a function of temperature and electron density in the well and compared to a model which takes into account thermionic emission and thermally assisted tunneling. The model is used to extract a saturation velocity of 1.5 x 105 cm/s for electrons. The photoelectron lifetime before recapture has been deduced from this carrier velocity and photoconductive gain measurements. The lifetime is found to be approximately 5 ps. Preliminary focal plane array imaging is demonstrated. [reprint (PDF)]
 

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