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1.  Recent advances in III-Nitride materials, characterization and device applications
M. Razeghi, X. Zhang, P. Kung, A. Saxler, D. Walker, K.Y. Lim, and K.S. Kim
SPIE Conference: Solid State Crystals in Optoelectronics and Semiconductor Technology; Proceedings 3179-- October 7, 1996 ...[Visit Journal]
High-quality AlN, GaN, AlGaN have been grown on sapphire substrate by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (LP-MOCVD). The x-ray rocking curve of AlN and GaN were 100 arcsecs and 30 arcsecs respectively with Pendelloesung oscillations, which are the best reported to date. GaN with high crystallinity simultaneously exhibited high optical and electrical quality. Photoluminescence linewidth of GaN at 77K was as low as 17 meV, which is the best reported to date. Si-doped GaN had a mobility higher than 300 cm²/V·s. GaN has been also successfully grown on LiGaO2 substrate with LP-MOCVD for the first time. AlGaN for the entire composition range has been grown. These layers exhibited the lowest x-ray FWHM reported to date. The excellent optical quality of these layers have been characterized by room temperature UV transmission and photoluminescence. N-type doping of AlGaN with Si has ben achieved up to 60 percent Al with mobility as high as 78 cm²/V·s. AlxGa1-xN/AlyGa1-yN superlattice with atomically sharp interface have been demonstrated. Optically-pumped stimulated emission in GaN:Ge and GaN:Si has been observed with threshold optical power density as low as 0.4 MW/cm². AlGaN photoconductors with cut-off wavelengths from 200 nm to 365 nm have been achieved for the first time. GaN p-n junction photovoltaic detector with very selective photoresponse have been demonstrated and theoretically modeled. Ti/AlN/Si metal-insulator- semiconductor capacitor with high capacitance-voltage performances at both low and high frequencies and low interface trap level density have been demonstrated for the first time in this material system. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  Type-II superlattice dual-band LWIR imager with M-barrier and Fabry-Perot resonance
E.K. Huang, A. Haddadi, G. Chen, B.M. Nguyen, M.A. Hoang, R. McClintock, M. Stegall, and M. Razeghi
OSA Optics Letters, Vol. 36, No. 13, p. 2560-2562-- July 1, 2011 ...[Visit Journal]
We report a high performance long-wavelength IR dual-band imager based on type-II superlattices with 100% cutoff wavelengths at 9.5 μm (blue channel) and 13 μm (red channel). Test pixels reveal background-limited behavior with specific detectivities as high as ∼5×1011 Jones at 7.9 μm in the blue channel and ∼1×1011 Jones at 10.2 μm in the red channel at 77 K. These performances were attributed to low dark currents thanks to the M-barrier and Fabry–Perot enhanced quantum efficiencies despite using thin 2 μm absorbing regions. In the imager, the high signal-to-noise ratio contributed to median noise equivalent temperature differences of ∼20 mK for both channels with integration times on the order of 0.5 ms, making it suitable for high speed applications. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  Extended short wavelength infrared heterojunction phototransistors based on type II superlattices
Arash Dehzangi , Ryan McClintock, Donghai Wu , Abbas Haddadi, Romain Chevallier , and Manijeh Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 114, 191109-- May 17, 2019 ...[Visit Journal]
A two terminal extended short wavelength infrared heterojunction phototransistor based on type-II InAs/AlSb/GaSb on a GaSb substrate is designed, fabricated, and investigated. With the base thickness of 40 nm, the device exhibited a 100% cut-off wavelength of 2.3 λ at 300 K. The saturated peak responsivity value is 320.5 A/W at 300 K, under front-side illumination without any antireflection coating. A saturated optical gain of 245 at 300K was measured. At the same temperature, the device exhibited a collector dark current density (at unity optical gain) and a DC current gain of 7.8 X 103 A/cm² and 1100, respectively. The device exhibited a saturated dark current shot noise limited specific detectivity of 4.9 X 1011 cm·Hz½/W at 300 K which remains constant over a broad range of wavelengths and applied biases. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  Fabrication of 12 µm pixel-pitch 1280 × 1024 extended short wavelength infrared focal plane array using heterojunction type-II superlattice-based photodetector
Arash Dehzangi , Abbas Haddadi, Romain Chevallier, Yiyun Zhang and Manijeh Razegh
Semicond. Sci. Technol. 34, 03LT01-- February 4, 2019 ...[Visit Journal]
We present an initial demonstration of a 1280 × 1024 extended short-wavelength infrared focal plane array (FPA) imager with 12μm pixel-pitch based on type–II InAs/AlSb/GaSb superlattice heterojunction photodetectors, with a novel bandstructure-engineered photo-generated carrier extractor as the window layer in the hetero structure to efficiently extract the photo-generated carriers. This heterostructure with a larger bandgap top window/contact layer leads to the device having lower dark current density compared to conventional pn junction devices. The large format FPA was fabricated with 12 μm pixel-pitch using a developed fabrication process. Test pixels fabricated separately exhibit 100% cut–off wavelengths of ∼2.22, ∼2.34μm, and ∼2.45μm at 150, 200K, and 300K. The test devices achieve saturated quantum efficiency values under zero bias of 54.3% and 68.4% at 150 and 300K, under back-side illumination and without any anti-reflection coating. At 150K, these photodetectors exhibit dark current density of 1.63 × 10−7 A·cm−2 under −20mV applied bias providing a specific detectivity of 1.01 × 1011 cm ·Hz½/W at 1.9μm. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  Schottky barrier heights and conduction-band offsets of In1-xGaxAs1-yPy lattice matched to GaAs
J.K. Lee, Y.H. Cho, B.D. Choe, K.S. Kim, H.I. Jeon, H. Lim and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 71 (7)-- August 18, 1997 ...[Visit Journal]
The Schottky barrier heights of Au/In1−xGaxAs1−yPy contacts have been determined as a function of y by the capacitance–voltage and temperature dependent current–voltage characteristics measurements. The barrier height is observed to increase as y is increased for both n- and p-type materials, with a more rapid increase for the p-type material. The compositional variation of the barrier heights for Au/n-In1−xGaxAs1−yPy is found to be identical to that of the conduction-band offsets in In1−xGaxAs1−yPy/GaAs heterojunctions. A possible cause of this phenomenon is also discussed. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  Optimized structure for InGaAsP/GaAs 808nm high power lasers
H. Yi, J. Diaz, L.J. Wang, I. Eliashevich, S. Kim, R. Williams, M. Erdtmann, X. He, E. Kolev and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 66 (24)-- June 12, 1995 ...[Visit Journal]
The optimized structure for the InGaAsP/GaAs quaternary material lasers (λ=0.808 μm) is investigated for the most efficient high‐power operation through an experiment and theoretical study. A comparative study is performed of threshold current density Jth and differential efficiency ηd dependence on cavity length (L) for two different laser structures with different active layer thickness (150 and 300 Å) as well as for laser structures with different multiple quantum well structures. A theoretical model with a more accurate formulation for minority leakage phenomenon provides explanation for the experimental results and sets general optimization rules for other lasers with similar restrictions on the band gap and refractive index difference between the active layer and the cladding layers. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  InAsSb/InAsP strained-layer superlattice injection lasers operating at 4.0 μm grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition
B. Lane, Z. Wu, A. Stein, J. Diaz, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 74 (23)-- June 7, 1999 ...[Visit Journal]
We report high power mid-infrared electrical injection operation of laser diodes based on InAsSb/InAsP strained-layer superlattices grown on InAs substrate by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. The broad-area laser diodes with 100 μm aperture and 1800 μm cavity length demonstrate peak output powers of 546 and 94 mW in pulsed and cw operation respectively at 100 K with a threshold current density as low as 100 A/cm². [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  Continuous operation of a monolithic semiconductor terahertz source at room temperature
Q. Y. Lu, N. Bandyopadhyay, S. Slivken, Y. Bai, and M. Razeghi
Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 221105 (2014)-- June 3, 2014 ...[Visit Journal]
We demonstrate room temperature continuous wave THz sources based on intracavity difference-frequency generation from mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers. Buried ridge, buried composite distributed-feedback waveguide with Čerenkov phase-matching scheme is used to reduce the waveguide loss and enhance the heat dissipation for continuous wave operation. Continuous emission at 3.6 THz with a side-mode suppression ratio of 20 dB and output power up to 3 μW are achieved, respectively. THz peak power is further scaled up to 1.4 mW in pulsed mode by increasing the mid-infrared power through increasing the active region doping and device area. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  8.5 μm Room Temperature Quantum Cascade Lasers Grown by Gas-Source Molecular Beam Epitaxy
S. Slivken and M. Razeghi
SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA, -- January 28, 1998 ...[Visit Journal]
We report room-temperature pulsed-mode operation of 8.5 μm quantum cascade lasers grown by gas-source molecular beam epitaxy. The theory necessary to understand the operation of the laser is presented and current problems are analyzed. Very good agreement is shown to exist between theoretical and experimental emission wavelengths. The high- temperature operation is achieved with 1 μs pulses at a repetition rate of 200 Hz. Peak output power in these conditions is in excess of 700 mW per 2 facets at 79 K and 25 mW at 300 K. Threshold current as a function of temperature shows an exponential dependence with T0 equals 188 K for a 1.5 mm cavity. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  Delta-doping optimization for high qualityp-type GaN
C. Bayram, J.L. Pau, R. McClintock and M. Razeghi
Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 104, No. 8-- October 15, 2008 ...[Visit Journal]
Delta-doping is studied in order to achieve high quality p-type GaN. Atomic force microscopy, x-ray diffraction, photoluminescence, and Hall measurements are performed on the samples to optimize the delta-doping characteristics. The effect of annealing on the electrical, optical, and structural quality is also investigated for different delta-doping parameters. Optimized pulsing conditions result in layers with hole concentrations near 1018 cm−3 and superior crystal quality compared to conventional p-GaN. This material improvement is achieved thanks to the reduction in the Mg activation energy and self-compensation effects in delta-doped p-GaN. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  Uncooled operation of Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes in the mid- wavelength infrared range
Y. Wei, A. Hood, H. Yau, A. Gin, M. Razeghi, M.Z. Tidrow, V. Natha
Applied Physics Letters, 86 (23)-- June 6, 2005 ...[Visit Journal]
We report high performance uncooled midwavelength infrared photodiodes based on interface-engineered InAs/GaSb superlattice. Two distinct superlattices were designed with a cutoff wavelength around 5 µm for room temperature and 77 K. The device quantum efficiency reached more than 25% with responsivity around 1 A/W. Detectivity was measured around 109 cm·Hz½/W at room temperature and 1.5×1013 cm·Hz½/W at 77 K under zero bias. The devices were without antireflective coating. The device quantum efficiency stays at nearly the same level within this temperature range. Additionally, Wannier–Stark oscillations in the Zener tunneling current were observed up to room temperature. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  Sb-based infrared materials and photodetectors for the 3-5 and 8-12 μm range
E. Michel, J.D. Kim, S. Park, J. Xu, I. Ferguson, and M. Razeghi
SPIE Photonics West '96 'Photodetectors: Materials and Devices'; Proceedings 2685-- January 27, 1996 ...[Visit Journal]
In this paper, we report on the growth of InSb on (100) Si and (111)B GaAs substrates and the growth of InAsSb alloys for longer wavelength applications. The fabrication and characterization of photodetectors based on these materials are also reported. Both photoconductive and photovoltaic devices are investigated. The photodiodes are InSb p-i-n structures and InSb/InAs1-xSbx/InSb double heterostructures grown on (100) and (111)B semi-insulating GaAs and Si substrates by low pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition and solid source molecular beam epitaxy. The material parameters for device structures have been optimized through theoretical calculations based on fundamental mechanisms. InSb p-i-n photodiodes with peak responsivities approximately 103 V/W were grown on Si and (111) GaAs substrates. An InAsSb photovoltaic detector with a composition of x equals 0.85 showed photoresponse up to 13 micrometers at 300 K with a peak responsivity of 9.13 X 10-2 V/W at 8 micrometers . The R0A product of InAsSb detectors has been theoretically and experimentally analyzed. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  Use of ZnO thin films as sacrifical templates for metal organic vapor phase epitaxy and chemical lift-off of GaN
D.J. Rogers, F. Hosseini Teherani, A. Ougazzaden, S. Gautier, L. Divay, A. Lusson, O. Durand, F. Wyczisk, G. Garry, T. Monteiro, M.R. Correira, M. Peres, A. Neves, D. McGrouther, J.N. Chapman, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 91, No. 7, p. 071120-1-- August 13, 2007 ...[Visit Journal]
Continued development of GaN-based light emitting diodes is being hampered by constraints imposed by current non-native substrates. ZnO is a promising alternative substrate but it decomposes under the conditions used in conventional GaN metal organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE). In this work, GaN was grown on ZnO/c-Al2O3 using low temperature/pressure MOVPE with N2 as a carrier and dimethylhydrazine as a N source. Characterization confirmed the epitaxial growth of GaN. The GaN was lifted-off the c-Al2O3 by chemically etching away the ZnO underlayer. This approach opens up the way for bonding of the GaN onto a support of choice. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  Performance characteristics of high-purity mid-wave and long-wave infrared type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice infrared photodiodes
A. Hood, M. Razeghi, V. Nathan and M.Z. Tidrow
SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA, Vol. 6127, pp. 61270U-- January 23, 2006 ...[Visit Journal]
The authors report on recent advances in the development of mid-, long-, and very long-wavelength infrared (MWIR, LWIR, and VLWIR) Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice infrared photodiodes. The residual carrier background of binary Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes of cut-off wavelengths around 5 µm has been studied in the temperature range between 10 and 200 K. A four-point, capacitance-voltage technique on mid-wavelength and long-wavelength Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice infrared photodiodes reveal residual background concentrations around 5×1014 cm-3. Additionally, recent progress towards LWIR photodiodes for focal plane array imaging applications is presented. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  Low frequency noise in 1024 x 1024 long wavelength infrared focal plane array base on Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice
A. Haddadi, S.R. Darvish, G. Chen, A.M. Hoang, B.M. Nguyen and M. Razeghi
SPIE Proceedings, Vol. 8268, p. 82680X-- January 22, 2012 ...[Visit Journal]
Recently, the type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice (T2SL) material platform is considered as a potential alternative for HgCdTe technology in long wavelength infrared (LWIR) imaging. This is due to the incredible growth in the understanding of its material properties and improvement of device processing which leads to design and fabrication of better devices. In this paper, we report electrical low frequency noise measurement on a high performance type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice 1024×1024 LWIR focal plane array. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  Optimizing facet coating of quantum cascade lasers for low power consumption
Y. Bai, S.R. Darvish, N. Bandyopadhyay, S. Slivken and M. Razeghi
Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 109, No. 5, p. 053103-1-- March 1, 2011 ...[Visit Journal]
Typical high power consumption (∼10 W) of mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) has been a serious limitation for applications in battery powered systems. A partial high-reflection (PHR) coating technique is introduced for power downscaling with shorter cavity lengths. The PHR coating consists of a double layer dielectric of SiO2 and Ge. With this technique, a 4.6 μm QCL with an ultra low threshold power consumption of less than a watt (0.83 W) is demonstrated in room temperature continuous wave operation. At 25°C, the maximum output power and wall plug efficiency are 192 mW and 8.6%, respectively. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  Buried heterostructure quantum cascade lasers with high continuous-wave wall plug efficiency
A. Evans, S.R. Darvish, S. Slivken, J. Nguyen, Y. Bai and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 91, No. 7, p. 071101-1-- August 13, 2007 ...[Visit Journal]
The authors report on the development of ~4.7 µm strain-balanced InP-based quantum cascade lasers with high wall plug efficiency and room temperature continuous-wave operation. The use of narrow-ridge buried heterostructure waveguides and thermally optimized packaging is presented. Over 9.3% wall plug efficiency is reported at room temperature from a single device producing over 0.675 W of continuous-wave output power. Wall plug efficiencies greater than 18% are also reported for devices at a temperature of 150 K, with continuous-wave output powers of more than 1 W. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  Sb-based infrared materials and photodetectors for the near room temperature applications
J.D. Kim, E. Michel, H. Mohseni, J. Wojkowski, J.J. Lee and M. Razeghi
SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA, Vol. 2999, pp. 55-- February 12, 1997 ...[Visit Journal]
We report on the growth of InSb, InAsSb, and InTlSb alloys for infrared photodetector applications. The fabrication and characterization of photodetectors based on these materials are also reported. Both photoconductive and photovoltaic devices are investigated. The materials and detector structures were grown on (100) and (111)B semi-insulating GaAs and GaAs coated Si substrates by low pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition and solid source molecular beam epitaxy. Photoconductive detectors fabricated from InAsSb and InTlSb have been operated in the temperature range from 77 K to 300 K. The material parameters for photovoltaic device structures have been optimized through theoretical calculations based on fundamental mechanisms. InSb p-i-n photodiodes with 77 K peak responsivities approximately 103 V/W were grown on Si and (111) GaAs substrates. An InAsSb photovoltaic detector with a composition of x equals 0.85 showed photoresponse up to 13 micrometers at 300 K with a peak responsivity of 9.13 X 10-2 V/W at 8 micrometers . The RoA product of InAsSb detectors has been theoretically and experimentally analyzed. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  Roadmap of Semiconductor Infrared Lasers and Detectors for the 21st Century
M. Razeghi
SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA, -- January 27, 1999 ...[Visit Journal]
Since the first discovery, semiconductor infrared lasers and detectors have found many various applications in military, communications, medical, and industry sections. In this paper, the current status of semiconductor infrared lasers and detectors will be reviewed. Advantages and disadvantages of different methods and techniques is discussed later. Some basic physical limitations of current technology are studied and the direction to overcome these problems will be suggested. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  Radiometric characterization of long-wavelength infrared type II strained layer superlattice focal plane array under low-photon irradiance conditions
J. Hubbs, V. Nathan, M. Tidrow, and M. Razeghi
Optical Engineering, Vol. 51, No. 6, p. 064002-1-- June 15, 2012 ...[Visit Journal]
We present the results of the radiometric characterization of an “M” structure long wavelength infrared Type-II strained layer superlattice(SLS) infrared focal plane array (IRFPA) developed by Northwestern University (NWU). The performance of the M-structure SLS IRFPA was radiometrically characterized as a function of photon irradiance, integration time, operating temperature, and detector bias. Its performance is described using standard figures of merit: responsivity, noise, and noise equivalent irradiance. Assuming background limited performance operation at higher irradiances, the detector quantum efficiency for the SLS detector array is approximately 57%. The detector dark density at 80 K is 142 μA∕cm², which represents a factor of seven reduction from previously measured devices. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  Optical losses of Al-free lasers for λ = 0.808 and 0.98 μm
H. Yi, J. Diaz, B. Lane, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 69 (20)-- November 11, 1996 ...[Visit Journal]
In this work, we study the origin of the optical losses in Al‐free InGaAsP/GaAs (λ=0.808 μm) and InGaAs/GaAs/InGaP (λ=0.980 μm) lasers. Theoretical modeling and the experimental results indicate that the scattering of the laser beam by refractive index fluctuation in the alloys is the dominant loss in our lasers, and the loss due to the free‐carrier absorption and scattering by interface roughness are negligible. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition of monocrystalline GaN thin films on β-LiGaO2substrates
P. Kung, A. Saxler, X. Zhang, D. Walker, R. Lavado, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 69 (14)-- September 30, 1996 ...[Visit Journal]
We report the metalorganic chemical vapor deposition growth and characterization of monocrystalline GaN thin films on β-LiGaO2 substrates. The influence of the growth temperature on the crystal quality was studied. The structural, electrical, and optical properties of the films were assessed through scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, Hall measurements, optical transmission, photoluminescence. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  The importance of band alignment in VLWIR type-II InAs/GaSb heterodiodes containing the M-structure barrier
D. Hoffman, B.M. Nguyen, E.K. Huang, P.Y. Delaunay, S. Bogdanov, P. Manukar, M. Razeghi, and V. Nathan
SPIE Proceedings, San Jose, CA Volume 7222-15-- January 26, 2009 ...[Visit Journal]
The Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photon detector is an attractive alternative to HgCdTe photodiodes and QWIPS. The use of p+ - pi - M - N+ heterodiode allows for greater flexibility in enhancing the device performance. The utilization of the Empirical Tight Binding method gives the band structure of the InAs/GaSb superlattice and the new M- structure (InAs/GaSb/AlSb/GaSb) superlattice allowing for the band alignment between the binary superlattice and the M- superlattice to be determined and see how it affects the optical performance. Then by modifying the doping level of the M- superlattice an optimal level can be determined to achieve high detectivity, by simultaneously improving both photo-response and reducing dark current for devices with cutoffs greater than 14.5 µm. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  Comparison of chemical and laser lift-off for the transfer of InGaN-based p-i-n junctions from sapphire to glass substrates
D. J. Rogers ; P. Bove ; F. Hosseini Teherani ; K. Pantzas ; T. Moudakir ; G. Orsal ; G. Patriarche ; S. Gautier ; A. Ougazzaden ; V. E. Sandana ; R. McClintock ; M. Razeghi
Proc. SPIE 8626, Oxide-based Materials and Devices IV, 862611 (March 18, 2013)-- March 18, 2013 ...[Visit Journal]
InGaN-based p-i-n structures were transferred from sapphire to soda-lime glass substrates using two approaches: (1) laser-lift-off (LLO) and thermo-metallic bonding and (2) chemical lift-off (LLO) by means sacrificial ZnO templates and direct wafer bonding. Both processes were found to function at RT and allow reclaim of the expensive single crystal substrate. Both approaches have also already been demonstrated to work for the wafer-scale transfer of III/V semiconductors. Compared with the industry-standard LLO, the CLO offers the added advantages of a lattice match to InGaN with higher indium contents, no need for an interfacial adhesive layer (which facilitates electrical, optical and thermal coupling), no damaged/contaminated GaN surface layer, simplified sapphire reclaim (GaN residue after LLO may complicate reclaim) and cost savings linked to elimination of the expensive LLO process. [reprint (PDF)]
 
1.  High Quantum Efficiency Solar-Blind Photodetectors
R. McClintock, A. Yasan, K. Mayes, D. Shiell, S. Darvish, P. Kung and M. Razeghi
SPIE Conference, Jose, CA, Vol. 5359, pp. 434-- January 25, 2004 ...[Visit Journal]
We report AlGaN-based back-illuminated solar-blind p-i-n photodetectors with a record peak responsivity of 150 mA/W at 280 nm, corresponding to a high external quantum efficiency of 68%, increasing to 74% under 5 volts reverse bias. Through optimization of the p-AlGaN layer, we were able to remove the out-of-band negative photoresponse originating from the Schottky-like p-type metal contact, and hence significantly improve the degree of solar-blindness [reprint (PDF)]
 

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