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16.  Investigations of p-type signal for ZnO thin films grown on (100) GaAs substrates by pulsed laser deposition
D.J. Rogers, F. Hosseini Teherani, T. Monteiro, M. Soares, A. Neves, M. Carmo, S. Periera, M.R. Correia, A. Lusson, E. Alves, N.P. Barradas, J.K. Morrod, K.A. Prior, P. Kung, A. Yasan, and M. Razeghi
Phys. Stat. Sol. C, 3 (4)-- March 1, 2006 ...[Visit Journal]
n this work we investigated ZnO films grown on semi-insulating (100) GaAs substrates by pulsed laser deposition. Samples were studied using techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, temperature dependent photoluminescence, C-V profiling and temperature dependent Hall measurements. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  Solar-blind photodetectors based on Ga2O3 and III-nitrides
Ryan McClintock; Alexandre Jaud; Lakshay Gautam; Manijeh Razeghi
Proc. SPIE 11288, Quantum Sensing and Nano Electronics and Photonics XVII, 1128803-- January 31, 2020 ...[Visit Journal]
Recently, there has been a surge of interest in the wide bandgap semiconductors for solar blind photo detectors (SBPD). This work presents our recent progress in the growth/doping of AlGaN and Ga2O3 thin films for solar blind detection applications. Both of these thin films grown are grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) in the same Aixtron MOCVD system. Solar-blind metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors were fabricated with Ga2O3. Spectral responsivity studies of the MSM photodetectors revealed a peak at 261 nm and a maximum EQE of 41.7% for a −2.5 V bias. We have also demonstrated AlGaN based solar-blind avalanche photodiodes with a gain in excess of 57,000 at ~100 volts of reverse bias. This gain can be attributed to avalanche multiplication of the photogenerated carriers within the device. Both of these devices show the potential of wide bandgap semiconductors for solar blind photo detectors. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  Beryllium compensation doping of InAs/GaSb infrared superlattice photodiodes
D. Hoffman, B.M. Nguyen, P.Y. Delaunay, A. Hood, M. Razeghi and J. Pellegrino
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 91, No. 14, p. 143507-1-- October 1, 2007 ...[Visit Journal]
Capacitance-voltage measurements in conjunction with dark current measurements on InAs/GaSb long wavelength infrared superlattice photodiodes grown by molecular-beam epitaxy on GaSb substrates are reported. By varying the beryllium concentration in the InAs layer of the active region, the residually n-type superlattice is compensated to become slightly p-type. By adjusting the doping, the dominant dark current mechanism can be varied from diffusion to Zener tunneling. Minimization of the dark current leads to an increase of the zero-bias differential resistance from less than 4 to 32 cm2 for a 100% cutoff of 12.05 µm [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  Monolithic terahertz source
Q. Y. Lu, N. Bandyopadhyay, S. Slivken, Y. Bai and M. Razeghi
Nature Photonics | Research Highlights -- July 31, 2014 ...[Visit Journal]
To date, the production of continuous-wave terahertz (THz) sources based on intracavity difference-frequency generation from mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers operating at room temperature has proved elusive. A critical problem is that, to achieve a large nonlinear susceptibility for frequency conversion, the active region of the quantum cascade laser requires high doping, which elevates the lasing threshold current density. Now, Quan-Yong Lu and colleagues from Northwestern University in the USA have overcome this problem and demonstrated a room-temperature continuous-wave THz source based on difference-frequency generation in quantum cascade lasers. They designed quantum-well structures based on In0.53Ga0.47As/In0.52Al0.48As material system for two mid-infrared wavelengths. The average doping in the active region was about 2.5 × 1016 cm−3. A buried ridge, buried composite distributed-feedback waveguide with the Čerenkov phase-matching scheme was used to reduce the waveguide loss and enhance heat dissipation. As a result, single-mode emission at 3.6 THz was observed at 293 K. The continuous-wave THz power reached 3 μW with a conversion efficiency of 0.44 mW W−2 from mid-infrared to THz waves. Using a similar device design, a THz peak power of 1.4 mW was achieved in pulse mode. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  High Power Mid-Infrared Quantum Cascade Lasers Grown on Si
Steven Slivken, Nirajman Shrestha, and Manijeh Razeghi
Photonics, vol. 9, 626 ...[Visit Journal]
This article details the demonstration of a strain-balanced, InP-based mid-infrared quantum cascade laser structure that is grown directly on a Si substrate. This is facilitated by the creation of a metamorphic buffer layer that is used to convert from the lattice constant of Si (0.543 nm) to that of InP (0.587 nm). The laser geometry utilizes two top contacts in order to be compatible with future large-scale integration. Unlike previous reports, this device is capable of room temperature operation with up to 1.6 W of peak power. The emission wavelength at 293 K is 4.82 um, and the device operates in the fundamental transverse mode. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  High-Average-Power, High-Duty-Cycle (~6 μm) Quantum Cascade Lasers
S. Slivken, A. Evans, J. David, and M. Razeghi
Virtual Journal of Nanoscience & Technology 9-- December 9, 2002 ...[Visit Journal][reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  ZnO Thin Film Templates for GaN-based Devices
D.J. Rogers, F. Hosseini Teherani, A. Yasan, R. McClintock, K. Mayes, S.R. Darvish, P. Kung, M. Razeghi and G. Garry
SPIE Conference, Jose, CA, Vol. 5732, pp. 412-- January 22, 2005 ...[Visit Journal]
GaN-based optoelectronic devices are plagued by a tendency to non-radiative transitions linked to defects in the active layers. ZnO is promising as a substrate material for GaN because it has the same wurtzite structure and a relatively small lattice mismatch (~1.8%). In this paper, we discuss use of ZnO thin films as templates for GaN based LED. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  Elimination of surface leakage in gate controlled Type-II InAs/GaSb mid-infrared photodetectors
G. Chen, B.-M. Nguyen, A.M. Hoang, E.K. Huang, S.R. Darvish, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 99, No. 18, p. 183503-1-- October 31, 2011 ...[Visit Journal]
The electrical performance of mid-infrared type-II superlattice M-barrier photodetectors is shown to be limited by surface leakage. By applying gate bias on the mesa sidewall surface, leakage current is significantly reduced. Qualitatively IV modeling shows diffusion-dominated behavior of dark current at temperatures greater than 120 K. At 110 K, the dark current of gated device is reduced by more than 2 orders of magnitude, reaching the measurement system noise floor. With a quantum efficiency of 48% in front side illumination configuration, a 4.7μm cut-off gated device attains a specific detectivity of 2.5 × 1014 cm·Hz½·W-1 at 110 K, which is 3.6 times higher than in ungated devices. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  High Power, Room Temperature, Continuous-Wave Operation of Quantum Cascade Lasers Grown by GasMBE
A. Evans, J. David, L. Doris, J.S. Yu, S. Slivken and M. Razeghi
SPIE Conference, Jose, CA, Vol. 5359, pp. 188-- January 25, 2004 ...[Visit Journal]
Very high power continuous-wave quantum cascade lasers are demonstrated in the mid-infrared (3 - 6 µm) wavelength range. λ~6 µm high-reflectivity coated QCLs are demonstrated producing over 370 mW continuous-wave power at room temperature with continuous-wave operation up to 333 K. Advanced heterostructure geometries, including the use of a thick electroplated gold, epilayer-side heat sink and a buried-ridge heterostructure are demonstrated to improve laser performance significantly when combined with narrow laser ridges. Recent significant improvements in CW operation are presented and include the development if narrow (9 µm-wide) ridges for high temperature CW operation. GasMBE growth of the strain-balanced λ~6 µm QCL heterostructure is discussed. X-ray diffraction measurements are presented and compared to computer simulations that indicate excellent layer and compositional uniformity of the structure. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  Phase-locked, high power, mid-infrared quantum cascade laser array
W. Zhou, S. Slivken, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 112, 181106-- May 4, 2018 ...[Visit Journal]
We demonstrate phase-locked, high power quantum cascade laser arrays, which are combined using a monolithic, tree array multimode interferometer, with emission wavelengths around 4.8 μm. A maximum output power of 15 W was achieved from an eight-element laser array, which has only a slightly higher threshold current density and a similar slope efficiency compared to a Fabry-Perot laser of the same length. Calculated multimode interferometer splitting loss is on the order of 0.27 dB for the in-phase supermode. In-phase supermode operation with nearly ideal behavior is demonstrated over the working current range of the array. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  Recent advances in antimonide-based gap-engineered Type-II superlattices material system for 2 and 3 colors infrared imagers
Manijeh. Razeghi, Abbas Haddadi, Arash Dehzangi, Romain Chevallier, and Thomas Yang
Proceedings of SPIE 10177, Infrared Technology and Applications XLIII, 1017705-- May 9, 2017 ...[Visit Journal]
InAs/InAs1-xSbx/AlAs1-xSbx type-II superlattices (T2SLs) is a system of multi-interacting quantum wells. Since its introduction, this material system has drawn a lot of attention especially for infrared detection. In recent years, InAs/InAs1- xSbx/AlAs1-xSbx T2SL material system has experienced incredible improvements in material quality, device structure designs and device fabrication process which elevated the performances of T2SL-based photodetectors to a comparable level to the state-of-the-art material systems for infrared detection such as Mercury Cadmium Telluride (MCT). In this paper, we will present the current status of InAs/InAs1-xSbx/AlAs1-xSbx T2SL-based photodetectors for detection in different infrared regions, from short-wavelength (SWIR) to long-wavelength (LWIR) infrared, and the future outlook of this material system. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  AlxGa1-xN p-i-n Photodiodes on Sapphire Substrates
D. Walker, P. Kung, P. Sandvik, J. Wu, M. Hamilton, I.H. Lee, J. Diaz, and M. Razeghi
SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA, -- January 27, 1999 ...[Visit Journal]
We report the fabrication and characterization of AlxGa1-xN p-i-n photodiodes (0.05 ≤ to X ≤ 0.30) grown on sapphire by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The devices present a visible-rejection of about four orders of magnitude with a cutoff wavelength that shifts from 350 nm to 291 nm. They also exhibit a constant responsivity for five decades (30 mW/m² to 1 kW/m²) of optical power density. Using capacitance measurements, the values for the acceptor concentration in the p-AlxGa1-xN region and the unintentional donor concentration in the intrinsic region are found. Photocurrent decays are exponential for high load resistances, with a time constant that corresponds to the RC product of the system. For low load resistances the transient response becomes non-exponential, with a decay time longer than the RC constant. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  InAs quantum dot infrared photodetectors on InP by MOCVD
W. Zhang, H. Lim, M. Taguchi, A. Quivy and M. Razeghi
SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA, Vol. 6127, pp. 61270M -- January 23, 2006 ...[Visit Journal]
We report our recent results of InAs quantum dots grown on InP substrate by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) for the application of quantum dot infrared photodetector (QDIP). We have previously demonstrated the first InP-based QDIP with a peak detection wavelength at 6.4 µm and a detectivity of 1010 cm·Hz½/W at 77K. Here we show our recent work toward shifting the detection wavelength to the 3-5 µm middlewavelength infrared (MWIR) range. The dependence of the quantum dot on the growth conditions is studied by atomic force microscopy, photoluminescence and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Possible ways to increase the quantum efficiency of QDIPs are discussed. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  Monolithic, steerable, mid-infrared laser realized with no moving parts
Slivken S, Wu D, Razeghi M
Scientific Reports 7, 8472 -- May 24, 2018 ...[Visit Journal]
The mid-infrared (2.5 < λ < 25 μm) spectral region is utilized for many purposes, such as chemical/biological sensing, free space communications, and illuminators/countermeasures. Compared to near-infrared optical systems, however, mid-infrared component technology is still rather crude, with isolated components exhibiting limited functionality. In this manuscript, we make a significant leap forward in mid-infrared technology by developing a platform which can combine functions of multiple mid-infrared optical elements, including an integrated light source. In a single device, we demonstrate wide wavelength tuning (240 nm) and beam steering (17.9 degrees) in the mid-infrared with a significantly reduced beam divergence (down to 0.5 degrees). The architecture is also set up to be manufacturable and testable on a wafer scale, requiring no cleaved facets or special mirror coating to function. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  Growth of AlxGa1-xN:Ge on sapphire and silicon substrates
X. Zhang, P. Kung, A. Saxler, D. Walker, T.C. Wang, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 67 (12)-- September 18, 1995 ...[Visit Journal]
AlxGa1–xN were grown on (00.1) sapphire and (111) silicon substrates in the whole composition range (0 <= x <= 1). The high optical quality of the epilayers was assessed by room-temperature optical absorption and photoluminescence measurements. Layers with higher Al composition are more resistive. Resistive AlxGa1–xN epilayers were successfully doped with Ge and free-electron concentration as high as 3 × 1019 cm–3 was achieved. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  Mid-wavelength infrared high operating temperature pBn photodetectors based on type-II InAs/InAsSb superlattice
Donghai Wu, Jiakai Li, Arash Dehzangi, and Manijeh Razeghi
AIP Advances 10, 025018-- February 11, 2020 ...[Visit Journal]
A high operating temperature mid-wavelength infrared pBn photodetector based on the type-II InAs/InAsSb superlattice on a GaSb substrate has been demonstrated. At 150 K, the photodetector exhibits a peak responsivity of 1.48 A/W, corresponding to a quantum efficiency of 47% at −50 mV applied bias under front-side illumination, with a 50% cutoff wavelength of 4.4 μm. With an R×A of 12,783 Ω·cm² and a dark current density of 1.16×10−5A/cm² under −50 mV applied bias, the photodetector exhibits a specific detectivity of 7.1×1011 cm·Hz½/W. At 300 K, the photodetector exhibits a dark current density of 0.44 A/cm²and a quantum efficiency of 39%, resultingin a specific detectivity of 2.5×109 cm·Hz½/W. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  High power 1D and 2D photonic crystal distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers
B. Gokden, Y. Bai, S. Tsao, N. Bandyopadhyay, S. Slivken and M. Razeghi
SPIE Proceedings, San Francisco, CA (January 22-27, 2011), Vol. 7945, p. 79450C-- January 23, 2011 ...[Visit Journal]
For many practical applications that need bright sources of mid-infrared radiation, single mode operation and good beam quality are also required. Quantum cascade lasers are prominent candidates as compact sources of mid-infrared radiation capable of delivering very high power both CW and under pulsed operation. While 1D photonic crystal distributed feedback structures can be used to get single mode operation from quantum cascade lasers with narrow ridge widths, novel 2D photonic crystal cavity designs can be used to improve spectral and spatial purity of broad area quantum cascade lasers. In this paper, we demonstrate high power, spatially and spectrally pure operation at room temperature from narrow ridge and broad area quantum cascade lasers with buried 1D and 2D photonic crystal structures. Single mode continuous wave emission at λ = 4.8 μm up to 700 mW in epi-up configuration at room temperature was observed from a 11 μm wide 5 mm long distributed feedback quantum cascade laser with buried 1D gratings. High peak powers up to 34 W was obtained from a 3mm long 400 μm wide 2D photonic crystal distributed feedback laser at room temperature under pulsed operation. The far field profile had a single peak normal to the laser facet and the M2 figure of merit was as low as 2.5. Emission spectrum had a dominating single mode at λ = 4.36 μm. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  The effect of doping the M-barrier in very long-wave type-II InAs/GaSb heterodiodes
D. Hoffman, B.M. Nguyen, E.K. Huang, P.Y. Delaunay, M. Razeghi, M.Z. Tidrow and J. Pellegrino
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 93, No. 3, p. 031107-1-- July 21, 2008 ...[Visit Journal]
A variation on the standard homo-diode Type-II superlattice with an M-barrier between the pi-region and the n-region is shown to suppress the dark currents. By determining the optimal doping level of the M-superlattice, dark current densities of 4.95 mA·cm-2 and quantum efficiencies in excess of 20% have been demonstrated at the moderate reverse bias of 50 mV; allowing for near background-limited performance with a Johnson-noise detectivity of 3.11×1010 Jones at 77 K for a 14.58 µm cutoff wavelength for large area diodes without passivation. This is comparable to values for the state-of-the-art HgCdTe photodiodes. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  High performance quantum dot-quantum well infrared focal plane arrays
S. Tsao, A. Myzaferi, and M. Razeghi
SPIE Proceedings, San Francisco, CA (January 22-28, 2010), Vol. 7605, p. 76050J-1-- January 27, 2010 ...[Visit Journal]
Quantum dot (QD) devices are a promising technology for high operating temperature detectors. We have studied InAs QDs embedded in an InGaAs/InAlAs quantum well structure on InP substrate for middle wavelength infrared detectors and focal plane arrays (FPAs). This combined dot-well structure has weak dot confinement of carriers, and as a result, the device behavior differs significantly from that in more common dot systems with stronger confinement. We report on our studies of the energy levels in the QDWIP devices and on QD-based detectors operating at high temperature with D* over 1010 cm·Hz½/W at 150 K operating temperature and high quantum efficiency over 50%. FPAs have been demonstrated operating at up to 200 K. We also studied two methods of adapting the QDWIP device to better accommodate FPA readout circuit limitations. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  Recent advances in MOCVD growth of InxGa1-xAsyP1-y alloys
M. Razeghi, J.P. Duchemin
M. Razeghi, J.P. Duchemin, Recent advances in MOCVD growth of InxGa1-xAsyP1-y alloys, Journal of Crystal Growth, Volume 70, Issues 1–2, 1984, Pages 145-149,-- December 1, 1984 ...[Visit Journal]
The low pressure metalorganic chemical vapour deposition (LPMOCVD) growth of GaxIn1-xAsyP1-y-InP lattice matched system, with high mobilities, sharp interfaces, low background doping densities, and the formation of a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) at the interfaces, has recently made spectacular advances, as in evidenced by the availability of high quality DH lasers, PIN photodiodes, and Gunn diodes. We present here some new results obtained on the above-mentioned material and devices. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  Mid-wavelength infrared heterojunction phototransistors based on type-II InAs/AlSb/GaSb superlattices
A. Haddadi, S. Adhikary, A. Dehzangi, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 109, 021107-- July 12, 2016 ...[Visit Journal]
A mid-wavelength infrared heterojunction phototransistor based on type-II InAs/AlSb/GaSb superlattices on GaSb substrate has been demonstrated. Near a wavelength of 4 μm saturated optical gains of 668 and 639 at 77 and 150 K, respectively, are demonstrated over a wide dynamic range. At 150 K, the unity optical gain collector dark current density and DC current gain are 1 × 10−3 A/cm² and 3710, respectively. This demonstrates the potential for use in high-speed applications. In addition, the phototransistor exhibits a specific detectivity value that is four times higher compared with a state-of-the-art type-II superlattice-based photodiode with a similar cut-off wavelength at 150 K. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  Use of Yttria-Stabilised Zirconia Substrates for Zinc Oxide Mediated Epitaxial Lift-off of Superior Yttria-Stabilised Zirconia Thin Films
D. J. Rogers, T. Maroutian, V. E. Sandana, P. Lecoeur, F. H. Teherani, P. Bove and M. Razeghi
Proc. of SPIE Vol. 12887, Oxide-based Materials and Devices XV, 128870P 2024, San Francisco),doi: 10.1117/12.3023431 ...[Visit Journal]
ZnO layers were grown on (100) and (111) oriented YSZ substrates by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). X-ray diffraction studies revealed growth of wurtzite ZnO with strong preferential (0002) orientation. The ZnO layer on YSZ (111) showed distinct Pendellosung fringes and a more pronounced c-axis orientation (rocking curve of 0.08°). Atomic force microscopy revealed RMS roughnesses of 0.7 and 2.2nm for the ZnO on the YSZ (111) and YSZ (100), respectively. YSZ was then grown on the ZnO buffered YSZ (111) substrate by PLD. XRD revealed that the YSZ overlayer grew with a strong preferential (111) orientation. The YSZ/ZnO/YSZ (111) top surface was temporary bonded to an Apiezon wax carrier and the sample was immersed in 0.1M HCl so as to preferentially etch/dissolve away the ZnO underlayer and release the YSZ from the substrate. XRD revealed only the characteristic (111) peak of YSZ after lift-off and thus confirmed both the dissolution of the ZnO and the preservation of the crystallographic integrity of the YSZ on the wax carrier. Optical and Atomic Force Microscopy revealed some buckling, roughening and cracking of the lifted YSZ, however. XRD suggested that this may have been due to compressive epitaxial strain release. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  Novel process for direct bonding of GaN onto glass substrates using sacrificial ZnO template layers to chemically lift-off GaN from c-sapphire
Rogers, D. J.; Ougazzaden, A.; Sandana, V. E.; Moudakir, T.; Ahaitouf, A.; Teherani, F. Hosseini; Gautier, S.; Goubert, L.; Davidson, I. A.; Prior, K. A.; McClintock, R. P.; Bove, P.; Drouhin, H.-J.; Razeghi, M.
Proc. SPIE 8263, Oxide-based Materials and Devices III, 82630R (February 9, 2012)-- February 9, 2012 ...[Visit Journal]
GaN was grown on ZnO-buffered c-sapphire (c-Al2O3) substrates by Metal Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy. The ZnO then served as a sacrificial release layer, allowing chemical lift-off of the GaN from the c-Al2O3 substrate via selective wet etching of the ZnO. The GaN was subsequently direct-wafer-bonded onto a glass substrate. X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive X-ray microanalysis, Room Temperature Photoluminescence & optical microscopy confirmed bonding of several mm2 of crack-free wurtzite GaN films onto a soda lime glass microscope slide with no obvious deterioration of the GaN morphology. Using such an approach, InGaN based devices can be lifted-off expensive single crystal substrates and bonded onto supports with a better cost-performance profile. Moreover, the approach offers the possibility of reclaiming and reusing the substrate. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  Pulse Autocorrelation Measurements Based on Two- and Three-Photon Conductivity in a GaN Photodiode
A. Streltsov, K.D. Moll, A. Gaeta, P. Kung, D. Walker, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 75 (24)-- December 13, 1999 ...[Visit Journal]
We characterize the performance of a GaN p-i-n photodiode as a nonlinear sensor for second- and third-order femtosecond pulse autocorrelation measurements in the visible and near-infrared regimes, respectively. The two- and three-photon absorption coefficients for GaN are also determined. [reprint (PDF)]
 
16.  Quantum hall effect and hopping conduction in InxGa1−xAs-InP heterojunctions at low temperature
Y. Guldner, J.P. Hirtz, A. Briggs, J.P. Vieren, M. Voos, M. Razeghi
Y. Guldner, J.P. Hirtz, A. Briggs, J.P. Vieren, M. Voos, M. Razeghi, Quantum hall effect and hopping conduction in InxGa1−xAs-InP heterojunctions at low temperature, Surface Science, Volume 142, Issues 1–3, 1984, Pages 179-181,-- July 1, 1984 ...[Visit Journal]
We report investigations of the temperature dependence of the quantum Hall effect in modulation doped InxGa1−xAs-InP heterojunctions. The diagonal conductivity σxx is studied at several minima of the magneto-resistance ϱxx between 50 mK and 2 K. A hopping conduction mechanism is observed when the Fermi level is in the tail of the Landau levels. [reprint (PDF)]
 

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