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101.  
Broadband, Tunable, and Monolithic Quantum Cascade Lasers
Broadband, Tunable, and Monolithic Quantum Cascade Lasers
M. Razeghi, Q. Y. Lu, N. Bandyopadhyay, W. Zhou, D. Heydari, Y. Bai, and S. Slivken.
Semiconductor lasers; (140.3600) Lasers, tunable-- May 19, 2017
This article describes the state of research and recent developments related to broadband quantum cascade lasers. Monolithic tuning and system development is also discussed. reprint
 
102.  
Recent advances in antimonide-based gap-engineered Type-II superlattices material system for 2 and 3 colors infrared imagers
Recent advances in antimonide-based gap-engineered Type-II superlattices material system for 2 and 3 colors infrared imagers
Manijeh. Razeghi, Abbas Haddadi, Arash Dehzangi, Romain Chevallier, and Thomas Yang
Proceedings of SPIE 10177, Infrared Technology and Applications XLIII, 1017705-- May 9, 2017
InAs/InAs1-xSbx/AlAs1-xSbx type-II superlattices (T2SLs) is a system of multi-interacting quantum wells. Since its introduction, this material system has drawn a lot of attention especially for infrared detection. In recent years, InAs/InAs1- xSbx/AlAs1-xSbx T2SL material system has experienced incredible improvements in material quality, device structure designs and device fabrication process which elevated the performances of T2SL-based photodetectors to a comparable level to the state-of-the-art material systems for infrared detection such as Mercury Cadmium Telluride (MCT). In this paper, we will present the current status of InAs/InAs1-xSbx/AlAs1-xSbx T2SL-based photodetectors for detection in different infrared regions, from short-wavelength (SWIR) to long-wavelength (LWIR) infrared, and the future outlook of this material system. reprint
 
103.  
Recent advances in InAs/InAs1- xSbx/AlAs1-xSbx gap-engineered Type-II superlattice-based photodetectors
Recent advances in InAs/InAs1- xSbx/AlAs1-xSbx gap-engineered Type-II superlattice-based photodetectors
Manijeh Razeghi, Abbas Haddadi, Arash Dehzangi, Romain Chevallier, Thomas Yang
Proc. SPIE 10177, Infrared Technology and Applications XLIII, 1017705 -- May 9, 2017
InAs/InAs1-xSbx/AlAs1-xSbx type-II superlattices (T2SLs) is a system of multi-interacting quantum wells. Since its introduction, this material system has drawn a lot of attention especially for infrared detection. In recent years, InAs/InAs1- xSbx/AlAs1-xSbx T2SL material system has experienced incredible improvements in material quality, device structure designs and device fabrication process which elevated the performances of T2SL-based photodetectors to a comparable level to the state-of-the-art material systems for infrared detection such as Mercury Cadmium Telluride (MCT). In this paper, we will present the current status of InAs/InAs1-xSbx/AlAs1-xSbx T2SL-based photodetectors for detection in different infrared regions, from short-wavelength (SWIR) to long-wavelength (LWIR) infrared, and the future outlook of this material system. reprint
 
104.  
Nanoselective area growth of defect-free thick indium-rich InGaN nanostructures on sacrificial ZnO templates
Nanoselective area growth of defect-free thick indium-rich InGaN nanostructures on sacrificial ZnO templates
Renaud Puybaret, David J Rogers, Youssef El Gmili, Suresh Sundaram, Matthew B Jordan, Xin Li, Gilles Patriarche, Ferechteh H Teherani, Eric V Sandana, Philippe Bove, Paul L Voss, Ryan McClintock, Manijeh Razeghi, Ian Ferguson, Jean-Paul Salvestrini, and Abdallah Ougazzade
Nanotechnology 28 195304-- April 29, 2017
Nanoselective area growth (NSAG) by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy of high-quality InGaN nanopyramids on GaN-coated ZnO/c-sapphire is reported. Nanopyramids grown on epitaxial low-temperature GaN-on-ZnO are uniform and appear to be single crystalline, as well as free of dislocations and V-pits. They are also indium-rich (with homogeneous 22% indium incorporation) and relatively thick (100 nm). These properties make them comparable to nanostructures grown on GaN and AlN/Si templates, in terms of crystallinity, quality, morphology, chemical composition and thickness. Moreover, the ability to selectively etch away the ZnO allows for the potential lift-off and transfer of the InGaN/GaN nanopyramids onto alternative substrates, e.g. cheaper and/or flexible. This technology offers an attractive alternative to NSAG on AlN/Si as a platform for the fabrication of high quality, thick and indium-rich InGaN monocrystals suitable for cheap, flexible and tunable light-emitting diodes. reprint
 
105.  
Dispersion compensated mid-infrared quantum cascade laser frequency comb with high power output
Dispersion compensated mid-infrared quantum cascade laser frequency comb with high power output
Q. Y. Lu, S. Manna, S. Slivken, D. H. Wu, and M. Razeghi
AIP Advances 7, 045313 -- April 26, 2017
Chromatic dispersion control plays an underlying role in optoelectronics and spectroscopy owing to its enhancement to nonlinear interactions by reducing the phase mismatching. This is particularly important to optical frequency combs based on quantum cascade lasers which require negligible dispersions for efficient mode locking of the dispersed modes into equally spaced comb modes. Here, we demonstrated a dispersion compensated mid-IR quantum cascade laser frequency comb with high power output at room temperature. A low-loss dispersive mirror has been engineered to compensate the device’s dispersion residue for frequency comb generation. Narrow intermode beating linewidths of 40 Hz in the comb-working currents were identified with a high power output of 460 mW and a broad spectral coverage of 80 cm-1. This dispersion compensation technique will enable fast spectroscopy and high-resolution metrology based on QCL combs with controlled dispersion and suppressed noise. reprint
 
106.  
Direct growth of thick AlN layers on nanopatterned Si substrates by cantilever epitaxy
Direct growth of thick AlN layers on nanopatterned Si substrates by cantilever epitaxy
Ilkay Demir, Yoann Robin, Ryan McClintock, Sezai Elagoz, Konstantinos Zekentes, and Manijeh Razeghi
Physica Status Solidi 214 (4), pp. 1770120-- April 4, 2017
The growth of thick, high quality, and low stress AlN films on Si substrates is highly desired for a number of applications like the development of micro and nano electromechanical system (MEMS and NEMS) technologies [1] and particularly for fabricating AlGaNbased UV LEDs [2–5]. UV LEDs are attractive as they are applied in many areas, such as biomedical instrumentations and dermatology, curing of industrial resins and inks, air purification, water sterilization, and many others [2, 3]. UV LEDs have been generally fabricated on AlN, GaN, Al2O3, or SiC substrates because of better lattice mismatching to AlGaN material systems. reprint
 
107.  
Imprinting of Nanoporosity in Lithium-Doped Nickel Oxide through the use of Sacrificial Zinc Oxide Nanotemplates
Imprinting of Nanoporosity in Lithium-Doped Nickel Oxide through the use of Sacrificial Zinc Oxide Nanotemplates
Vinod E. Sandana, David J. Rogers, Ferechteh H. Teheran1, Philippe Bove, Ryan McClintock and Manijeh Razeghi
Proc. SPIE 10105, Oxide-based Materials and Devices VIII, 101052C-- April 3, 2017
Methods for simultaneously increasing the conductivity and the porosity of NiO layers grown by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) were investigated in order to develop improved photocathodes for p-DSSC applications. NiO:Li (20at%) layers grown on c-Al2O3 by PLD showed a sharp drop in conductivity with increasing substrate temperature. Layers grown at room temperature were more than two orders of magnitude more conductive than undoped NiO layers but did not show evidence of any porosity in Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images. A new method for imposing a nanoporosity in NiO was developed based on a sacrificial template of nanostructured ZnO. SEM images and EDX spectroscopy showed that a nanoporous morphology had been imprinted in the NiO overlayer after preferential chemical etching away of the nanostructured ZnO underlayer. Beyond p-DSSC applications, this new process could represent a new paradigm for imprinting porosity in a whole range of materials. reprint
 
108.  
 Emerging materials for photonics
Emerging materials for photonics
Miriam S. Vitiello, and Manijeh Razeghi
APL Materials 5, 03510-- March 31, 2017
Photonics plays a major role in all aspects of human life. It revolutionized science by addressing fundamental scientific questions and by enabling key functions in many interdisciplinary fields spanning from quantum technologies to information andcommunicationscience,andfrombiomedicalresearchtoindustrialprocessmonitoring and life entertainment. reprint
 
109.  
Investigations on the substrate dependence of the properties in nominally-undoped β-Ga2O3 thin films grown by PLD
Investigations on the substrate dependence of the properties in nominally-undoped β-Ga2O3 thin films grown by PLD
F. H. Teherani ; D. J. Rogers ; V. E. Sandana ; P. Bove ; C. Ton-That ; L. L. C. Lem ; E. Chikoidze ; M. Neumann-Spallart ; Y. Dumont ; T. Huynh ; M. R. Phillips ; P. Chapon ; R. McClintock ; M. Razeghi
Proc. SPIE 10105, Oxide-based Materials and Devices VIII, 101051R-OLD-- March 23, 2017
Nominally-undoped Ga2O3 layers were deposited on a-, c- and r-plane sapphire substrates using pulsed laser deposition. Conventional x-ray diffraction analysis for films grown on a- and c-plane sapphire showed the layers to be in the β-Ga2O3 phase with preferential orientation of the (-201) axis along the growth direction. Pole figures revealed the film grown on r-plane sapphire to also be in the β-Ga2O3 phase but with epitaxial offsets of 29.5°, 38.5° and 64° from the growth direction for the (-201) axis. Optical transmission spectroscopy indicated that the bandgap was ~5.2eV, for all the layers and that the transparency was > 80% in the visible wavelength range. Four point collinear resistivity and Van der Pauw based Hall measurements revealed the β-Ga2O3 layer on r-plane sapphire to be 4 orders of magnitude more conducting than layers grown on a- and c-plane sapphire under similar conditions. The absolute values of conductivity, carrier mobility and carrier concentration for the β-Ga2O3 layer on r-sapphire (at 20Ω-1.cm-1, 6 cm²/Vs and 1.7 x 1019 cm-3, respectively) all exceeded values found in the literature for nominally-undoped β-Ga2O3 thin films by at least an order of magnitude. Gas discharge optical emission spectroscopy compositional depth profiling for common shallow donor impurities (Cl, F, Si and Sn) did not indicate any discernable increase in their concentrations compared to background levels in the sapphire substrate. It is proposed that the fundamentally anisotropic conductivity in β-Ga2O3 combined with the epitaxial offset of the (-201) axis observed for the layer grown on r-plane sapphire may explain the much larger carrier concentration, electrical conductivity and mobility compared with layers having the (-201) axis aligned along the growth direction. reprint
 
110.  
A study into the impact of sapphire substrate orientation on the properties of nominally-undoped β-Ga2O3 thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition
A study into the impact of sapphire substrate orientation on the properties of nominally-undoped β-Ga2O3 thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition
F. H. Teherani; D. J. Rogers; V. E. Sandana; P. Bove; C. Ton-That; L. L. C. Lem; E. Chikoidze; M. Neumann-Spallart; Y. Dumont; T. Huynh; M. R. Phillips; P. Chapon; R. McClintock; M. Razeghi
Proceedings Volume 10105, Oxide-based Materials and Devices VIII; 101051R-- March 23, 2017
Nominally-undoped Ga2O3 layers were deposited on a-, c- and r-plane sapphire substrates using pulsed laser deposition. Conventional x-ray diffraction analysis for films grown on a- and c-plane sapphire showed the layers to be in the β-Ga2O3 phase with preferential orientation of the (-201) axis along the growth direction. Pole figures revealed the film grown on r-plane sapphire to also be in theβ-Ga2O3 phase but with epitaxial offsets of 29.5°, 38.5° and 64° from the growth direction for the (-201) axis. Optical transmission spectroscopy indicated that the bandgap was ~5.2eV, for all the layers and that the transparency was > 80% in the visible wavelength range. Four point collinear resistivity and Van der Pauw based Hall measurements revealed the β-Ga2O3 layer on r-plane sapphire to be 4 orders of magnitude more conducting than layers grown on a- and c-plane sapphire under similar conditions. The absolute values of conductivity, carrier mobility and carrier concentration for the β-Ga2O3 layer on r-sapphire (at 20Ω-1.cm-1, 6 cm2/Vs and 1.7 x 1019 cm-3, respectively) all exceeded values found in the literature for nominally-undoped β-Ga2O3 thin films by at least an order of magnitude. Gas discharge optical emission spectroscopy compositional depth profiling for common shallow donor impurities (Cl, F, Si and Sn) did not indicate any discernable increase in their concentrations compared to background levels in the sapphire substrate. It is proposed that the fundamentally anisotropic conductivity in β-Ga2O3 combined with the epitaxial offset of the (-201) axis observed for the layer grown on r-plane sapphire may explain the much larger carrier concentration, electrical conductivity and mobility compared with layers having the (-201) axis aligned along the growth direction. reprint
 
111.  
High power, low divergent, substrate emitting quantum cascade ring laser in continuous wave operation
High power, low divergent, substrate emitting quantum cascade ring laser in continuous wave operation
D. H. Wu and M. Razeghi
APL Materials 5, 035505-- March 21, 2017
We demonstrate a surface grating coupled substrate emitting quantum cascade ring laser with high power room temperature continuous wave operation at 4.64 μm μm . A second order surface metal/semiconductor distributed-feedback grating is used for in-plane feedback and vertical out-coupling. A device with 400 μm μm radius ring cavity exhibits an output power of 202 mW in room temperature continuous wave operation. Single mode operation with a side mode suppression ratio of 25 dB is obtained along with a good linear tuning with temperature. The far field measurement exhibits a low divergent concentric ring beam pattern with a lobe separation of ∼0.34°, which indicates that the device operates in fundamental mode (n = 1). reprint
 
112.  
Extended short-wavelength infrared nBn photodetectors based on type-II InAs/AlSb/GaSb superlattices with an AlAsSb/GaSb superlattice barrier
Extended short-wavelength infrared nBn photodetectors based on type-II InAs/AlSb/GaSb superlattices with an AlAsSb/GaSb superlattice barrier
A. Haddadi, R. Chevallier, A. Dehzangi, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 110, 101104-- March 8, 2017
Extended short-wavelength infrared nBn photodetectors based on type-II InAs/AlSb/GaSb superlattices on GaSb substrate have been demonstrated. An AlAsSb/GaSb H-structure superlattice design was used as the large-bandgap electron-barrier in these photodetectors. The photodetector is designed to have a 100% cut-off wavelength of ∼2.8 μm at 300 K. The photodetector exhibited a room-temperature (300 K) peak responsivity of 0.65 A/W at 1.9 μm, corresponding to a quantum efficiency of 41% at zero bias under front-side illumination, without any anti-reflection coating. With an R × A of 78 Ω·cm² and a dark current density of 8 × 10−3 A/cm² under −400 mV applied bias at 300 K, the nBn photodetector exhibited a specific detectivity of 1.51 × 1010 Jones. At 150 K, the photodetector exhibited a dark current density of 9.5 × 10−9 A/cm² and a quantum efficiency of 50%, resulting in a detectivity of 1.12 × 1013 Jones. reprint
 
113.  
High efficiency quantum cascade laser frequency comb
High efficiency quantum cascade laser frequency comb
Quanyong Lu, Donghai Wu, Steven Slivken & Manijeh Razeghi
Scientific Reports 7, Article number: 43806-- March 6, 2017
An efficient mid-infrared frequency comb source is of great interest to high speed, high resolution spectroscopy and metrology. Here we demonstrate a mid-IR quantum cascade laser frequency comb with a high power output and narrow beatnote linewidth at room temperature. The active region was designed with a strong-coupling between the injector and the upper lasing level for high internal quantum efficiency and a broadband gain. The group velocity dispersion was engineered for efficient, broadband mode-locking via four wave mixing. The comb device exhibits a narrow intermode beatnote linewidth of 50.5 Hz and a maximum wall-plug efficiency of 6.5% covering a spectral coverage of 110 cm−1 at λ ~ 8 μm. The efficiency is improved by a factor of 6 compared with previous demonstrations. The high power efficiency and narrow beatnote linewidth will greatly expand the applications of quantum cascade laser frequency combs including high-precision remote sensing and spectroscopy. reprint
 
114.  
Background–limited long wavelength infrared InAs/InAsSb type-II superlattice-based photodetectors operating at 110 K
Background–limited long wavelength infrared InAs/InAsSb type-II superlattice-based photodetectors operating at 110 K
Abbas Haddadi, Arash Dehzangi, Sourav Adhikary, Romain Chevallier, and Manijeh Razeghi
APL Materials 5, 035502 -- February 13, 2017
We report the demonstration of high-performance long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) nBn photodetectors based on InAs/InAsSb type-II superlattices. A new saw-tooth superlattice design was used to implement the electron barrier of the photodetectors. The device exhibited a cut-off wavelength of ∼10 μm at 77 K. The photodetector exhibited a peak responsivity of 2.65 A/W, corresponding to a quantum efficiency of 43%. With an R × A of 664 Ω·cm² and a dark current density of 8 × 10−5 A/cm², under −80 mV bias voltage at 77 K, the photodetector exhibited a specific detectivity of 4.72 × 1011 Jones and a background–limited operating temperature of 110 K. reprint
 
115.  
A lifetime of contributions to the world of semiconductors using the Czochralski invention
A lifetime of contributions to the world of semiconductors using the Czochralski invention
M. Razeghi
Vacuum Vol. 9934, 993406-1-- February 8, 2017
Over the course of my career, I have made numerous contributions related to semiconductor crystal growth and high performance optoelectronics over a vast region of the electromagnetic spectrum (ultraviolet to terahertz). In 2016 this cumulated in my receiving the Jan Czochralski Gold Medal award from the European Materials Research Society. This article is designed to provide a historical perspective and general overview of these scientific achievements, on the occasion of being honored by this award. These achievements would not have been possible without high quality crystalline substrates, and this article is written in honor of Jan Czochralski on the 100th anniversary of his important discovery. reprint
 
116.  
Impact of scaling base thickness on the performance of heterojunction phototransistors
Impact of scaling base thickness on the performance of heterojunction phototransistors
Arash Dehzangi, Abbas Haddadi, Sourav Adhikary, and Manijeh Razeghi
Nanotechnology 28, 10LT01-- February 2, 2017
In this letter we report the effect of vertical scaling on the optical and electrical performance of mid-wavelength infrared heterojunction phototransistors based on type-II InAs/GaSb/AlSb superlattices. The performance of devices with different base thickness was compared as the base was scaled from 60 down to 40 nm. The overall optical performance shows enhancement in responsively, optical gain, and specific detectivity upon scaling the base width. The saturated responsivity for devices with 40 nm bases reaches 8,845 and 9,528 A/W at 77 and 150 K, respectively, which is almost five times greater than devices with 60 nm bases. The saturated optical gain for devices with 40 nm bases is measured as 2,760 at 77 K and 3,081 at 150 K. The devices with 40 nm bases also exhibit remarkable enhancement in saturated current gain, with 17,690 at 77 K, and 19,050 at 150 K. reprint
 
117.  
Breakthroughs Bring  THz Spectroscopy, Sensing Closer to Mainstream
Breakthroughs Bring THz Spectroscopy, Sensing Closer to Mainstream
Manijeh Razeghi, Quanyong Lu, Santanu Manna, Donghai Wu & Steven Slivken
Photnics Spectra, December Issue, pp. 48-- December 1, 2016
The terahertz (THz) electromagnet­ic spectrum (1 to 10 THz), sitting between the infrared wavelengths on the higher fre­quency side and microwaves on the lower frequency side, lies unique and important properties. THz waves can pass through a number of materials, including synthetics, textiles, paper and cardboard. Many bio­molecules, proteins, explosives or narcot­ics feature characteristic absorption I ines - so-called spectral "fingerprints" - at frequencies between 1 and 10 THz.
 
118.  
Quntum Cascade Laser Breakthrough for Advanced Remote Detection
Quntum Cascade Laser Breakthrough for Advanced Remote Detection
Manijeh Razeghi, Wenjia Zhou, Donghai Wu, Ryan McClintock, and Steven Slivken
Photonics Spectra, November issue-- November 1, 2016
The atoms in a molecule can bend, stretch and rotate with respect to one an­other, and these excitations are largely optically active. Most molecules, from simple to moderately complex, have a characteristic absorption spectrum in the 3- to 14-µrn wavelength range that can be uniquely identified and quantified in real time. Infrared spectroscopy has been used to study these absorption features and de­velop different molecular "fingerprints."
 
119.  
Direct growth of thick AlN layers on nanopatterned Si substrates by cantilever epitaxy
Direct growth of thick AlN layers on nanopatterned Si substrates by cantilever epitaxy
Ilkay Demir, Yoann Robin, Ryan McClintock, Sezai Elagoz, Konstantinos Zekentes, and Manijeh Razeghi
Phys. Status Solidi A, pp. 1–6-- September 30, 2016
AlN layers have been grown on 200 nm period of nanopatterned Si (111) substrates by cantilever epitaxy and compared with AlN layers grown by maskless lateral epitaxial overgrowth (LEO) on micropatterned Si (111) substrates. The material quality of 5–10 µm thick AlN grown by LEO is comparable to that of much thinner layers (2 µm) grown by cantilever epitaxy on the nanopatterned substrates. Indeed, the latter exhibited root mean square (RMS) roughness of 0.65 nm and X-ray diffraction full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of 710 arcsec along the (0002) reflection and 930 arcsec along the (10̅15) reflection. The corresponding room temperature photoluminescence spectra was dominated by a sharp band edge peak. Back emission ultra violet light emitting diodes (UV LEDs) were fabricated by flip chip bonding to patterned AlN heat sinks followed by complete Si (111) substrate removal demonstrating a peak pulsed power of ∼0.7 mW at 344 nm peak emission wavelength. The demonstrated UV LEDs were fabricated on a cost effective epitaxial structure grown on the nanopatterned Si substrate with a total thickness of 3.3 µm reprint
 
120.  
RT-CW: widely tunable semiconductor THz QCL sources
RT-CW: widely tunable semiconductor THz QCL sources
M. Razeghi; Q. Y. Lu
Proceedings Volume 9934, Terahertz Emitters, Receivers, and Applications -- September 26, 2016
Distinctive position of Terahertz (THz) frequencies (ν~0.3 -10 THz) in the electromagnetic spectrum with their lower quantum energy compared to IR and higher frequency compared to microwave range allows for many potential applications unique to them. Especially in the security side of the THz sensing applications, the distinct absorption spectra of explosives and related compounds in the range of 0.1–5 THz makes THz technology a competitive technique for detecting hidden explosives. A compact, high power, room temperature continuous wave terahertz source emitting in a wide frequency range will greatly boost the THz applications for the diagnosis and detection of explosives. Here we present a new strong-coupled strain-balanced quantum cascade laser design for efficient THz generation based intracavity DFG. Room temperature continuous wave operation with electrical frequency tuning range of 2.06-4.35 THz is demonstrated reprint
 
121.  
Wafer-scale epitaxial lift-off of optoelectronic grade GaN from a GaN substrate using a sacrificial ZnO interlayer
Wafer-scale epitaxial lift-off of optoelectronic grade GaN from a GaN substrate using a sacrificial ZnO interlayer
Akhil Rajan, David J Rogers, Cuong Ton-That, Liangchen Zhu, Matthew R Phillips, Suresh Sundaram, Simon Gautier, Tarik Moudakir, Youssef El-Gmili, Abdallah Ougazzaden, Vinod E Sandana, Ferechteh H Teherani, Philippe Bove, Kevin A Prior, Zakaria Djebbour, Ryan McClintock and Manijeh Razeghi
Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Volume 49, Number 31 -- July 15, 2016
Full 2 inch GaN epilayers were lifted off GaN and c-sapphire substrates by preferential chemical dissolution of sacrificial ZnO underlayers. Modification of the standard epitaxial lift-off (ELO) process by supporting the wax host with a glass substrate proved key in enabling full wafer scale-up. Scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction confirmed that intact epitaxial GaN had been transferred to the glass host. Depth-resolved cathodoluminescence (CL) analysis of the bottom surface of the lifted-off GaN layer revealed strong near-band-edge (3.33 eV) emission indicating a superior optical quality for the GaN which was lifted off the GaN substrate. This modified ELO approach demonstrates that previous theories proposing that wax host curling was necessary to keep the ELO etch channel open do not apply to the GaN/ZnO system. The unprecedented full wafer transfer of epitaxial GaN to an alternative support by ELO offers the perspective of accelerating industrial adoption of the expensive GaN substrate through cost-reducing recycling. reprint
 
122.  
Mid-wavelength infrared heterojunction phototransistors based on type-II InAs/AlSb/GaSb superlattices
Mid-wavelength infrared heterojunction phototransistors based on type-II InAs/AlSb/GaSb superlattices
A. Haddadi, S. Adhikary, A. Dehzangi, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 109, 021107-- July 12, 2016
A mid-wavelength infrared heterojunction phototransistor based on type-II InAs/AlSb/GaSb superlattices on GaSb substrate has been demonstrated. Near a wavelength of 4 μm saturated optical gains of 668 and 639 at 77 and 150 K, respectively, are demonstrated over a wide dynamic range. At 150 K, the unity optical gain collector dark current density and DC current gain are 1 × 10−3 A/cm² and 3710, respectively. This demonstrates the potential for use in high-speed applications. In addition, the phototransistor exhibits a specific detectivity value that is four times higher compared with a state-of-the-art type-II superlattice-based photodiode with a similar cut-off wavelength at 150 K. reprint
 
123.  
Recent Advances in Room Temperature, High-Power Terahertz Quantum Cascade Laser Sources Based on Difference-Frequency Generation
Recent Advances in Room Temperature, High-Power Terahertz Quantum Cascade Laser Sources Based on Difference-Frequency Generation
Quanyong Lu and Manijeh Razeghi
Photonics, 3, 42-- July 7, 2016
We present the current status of high-performance, compact, THz sources based on intracavity nonlinear frequency generation in mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers. Significant performance improvements of our THz sources in the power and wall plug efficiency are achieved by systematic optimizing the device’s active region, waveguide, and chip bonding strategy. High THz power up to 1.9 mW and 0.014 mW for pulsed mode and continuous wave operations at room temperature are demonstrated, respectively. Even higher power and efficiency are envisioned based on enhancements in outcoupling efficiency and mid-IR performance. Our compact THz device with high power and wide tuning range is highly suitable for imaging, sensing, spectroscopy, medical diagnosis, and many other applications. reprint
 
124.  
Engineering Multi-Section Quantum Cascade Lasers for Broadband Tuning
Engineering Multi-Section Quantum Cascade Lasers for Broadband Tuning
Steven Slivken and Manijeh Razeghi
Photonics 3, 41-- June 27, 2016
In an effort to overcome current limitations to electrical tuning of quantum cascade lasers, a strategy is proposed which combines heterogeneous quantum cascade laser gain engineering with sampled grating architectures. This approach seeks to not only widen the accessible spectral range for an individual emitter, but also compensate for functional non-uniformity of reflectivity and gain lineshapes. A trial laser with a dual wavelength core is presented which exhibits electroluminescence over a 750 cm−1 range and discrete single mode laser emission over a 700 cm−1 range. Electrical tuning over 180 cm−1 is demonstrated with a simple sampled grating design. A path forward to even wider tuning is also described using more sophisticated gain and grating design principles. reprint
 
125.  
Monolithically, widely tunable quantum cascade lasers based on a heterogeneous active region design
Monolithically, widely tunable quantum cascade lasers based on a heterogeneous active region design
Wenjia Zhou, Neelanjan Bandyopadhyay, Donghai Wu, Ryan McClintock & Manijeh Razeghi
Nature Scientific Reports 6, Article number: 25213 -- June 8, 2016
Quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) have become important laser sources for accessing the mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectral range, achieving watt-level continuous wave operation in a compact package at room temperature. However, up to now, wavelength tuning, which is desirable for most applications, has relied on external cavity feedback or exhibited a limited monolithic tuning range. Here we demonstrate a widely tunable QCL source over the 6.2 to 9.1 μm wavelength range with a single emitting aperture by integrating an eight-laser sampled grating distributed feedback laser array with an on-chip beam combiner. The laser gain medium is based on a five-core heterogeneous QCL wafer. A compact tunable laser system was built to drive the individual lasers within the array and produce any desired wavelength within the available spectral range. A rapid, broadband spectral measurement (520 cm−1) of methane using the tunable laser source shows excellent agreement to a measurement made using a standard low-speed infrared spectrometer. This monolithic, widely tunable laser technology is compact, with no moving parts, and will open new opportunities for MIR spectroscopy and chemical sensing. reprint
 

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